ÿþ <head><title>Publications-G. F. Naterer</title> <a name=top></a> <center><h3>LIST OF PUBLICATIONS - G. F. NATERER</h3></center> <center><h3>Books</h3></center> <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Camberos, J. A., <a href= "http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?id=&parent_id=&sku=7262&isbn=9780849372629&pc="> Entropy Based Analysis and Design of Fluids Engineering Systems </a>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2008 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="1032FL.pdf"> Heat Transfer in Single and Multiphase Systems </a>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002 <center><h3>Journal Publications</h3></center> <ol> <p><li> Rosen, M. A., Naterer, G. F., Chukwu, C. C., Sadhankar, R., Suppiah, S., <a href="#j1">``Nuclear-based Hydrogen Production with a Thermochemical Copper-Chlorine Cycle and Supercritical Water Reactor: Equipment Scale-up and Process Simulation''</a> (accepted), International Journal of Energy Research, 2010 <p><li> Orhan, M., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., <a href="#j2">``Coupling of Copper-Chlorine Hybrid Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle with a Desalination Plant for Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy''</a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 35, pp. 1560  1574, 2010 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#j3">``Heat Transfer in a Tower Foundation with Ground Surface Insulation and Periodic Freezing and Thawing''</a> (in press), International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2010 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#hdn">``Exergy Efficiency of Two-Phase Flow in a Shell and Tube Condenser''</a>, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 17 - 24, 2010 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#th18">``Thermal Protection of a Ground Layer with Phase Change Materials'' </a>, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 011301-1 to 011301-9, 2010 <p><li> Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jnum8">``Assessment of Exergy Efficiency and Sustainability Index of an Air-Water Heat Pump''</a>, International Journal of Exergy, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 37 - 50, 2010 <p><li> Abuadala, A., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#th1"> ``Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification'' </a> (in press), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010 <p><li> Pope, K., Rodrigues, V., Doyle, R., Tsopelas, A., Gravelsins, R., Naterer, G. F., Tsang, E., <a href="#th3">``Effects of Stator Vanes on Power Coefficients of a Zephyr Vertical Axis Wind Turbine''</a>, Renewable Energy, vol. 35, pp. 1043 - 1051, 2010 <p><li> Zamfirescu, C., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#th4"> ``Thermophysical Properties of Copper Compounds in Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles''</a> (in press), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., Predin, A., <a href="#th5"> ``Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties for Hydrochloric and Copper Compounds in a Hydrogen Production Process''</a> (in press), Journal of Energy Technology, 2010 <p><li> Wang, Z., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K. S., Gravelsins, R., Daggupati, V., <a href="#th6">``Comparison of Sulfur-Iodine and Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Cycles'' </a> (accepted), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#th7">``Multiphase Transport Processes of Droplet Impact and Ice Accretion on Surfaces'' </a> (in press), Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2010 <p><li> Zamfirescu, C., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., <a href="#th8"> ``Upgrading of Waste Heat for Combined Power and Hydrogen Production with Nuclear Reactors''</a> (in press), ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2010 <p><li> Zamfirescu, C., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., <a href="#th9">``Kinetic Study of the Copper / Hydrochloric Acid Reaction for Hydrogen Production''</a> (in press), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010 <p><li> Daggupati, V. N., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K. S., Gravelsins, R. J., Wang, Z. L., <a href="#th10">``Solid Particle Decomposition and Hydrolysis Reaction Kinetics in Cu-Cl Thermochemical Hydrogen Production''</a> (in press), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010 <p><li> Pope, K., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., Tsang, E., <a href="#th13">``Power Correlation for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines with Varying Geometries''</a> (in press), International Journal of Energy Research, 2010 <p><li> Pope, K., Milman, R., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#th15">``Rotor Dynamics Correlation for Maximum Power and Transient Control of Wind Turbines'' </a> (in press), International Journal of Energy Research, 2010 <p><li> Daggupati, V., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href="#th17">``Diffusion of Gaseous Products through a Particle Surface Layer in a Fluidized Bed Reactor''</a> (accepted), International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2010 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jnum1">``Exergy Analysis of a Combined Fuel Cell and Gas Turbine Power Plant with Intercooling and Reheating''</a>, International Journal of Exergy, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 211 - 231, 2009 <p><li> Chi, Z., He, Y., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#thchi"> ``Convective Heat Transfer Optimization of Automotive Brake Discs'' </a>, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 961 - 969, 2009 <p><li> Wang, Z. L., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K. S., Gravelsins, R., Daggupati, V. N., <a href="#th2">``New Cu-Cl Thermochemical Cycle for Hydrogen Production with Reduced Excess Steam Requirements''</a>, International Journal of Green Energy, vol. 6, pp. 616 - 626, 2009 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Adeyinka, O. B., <a href="#th11"> ``Imaging Velocimetry Measurements for Entropy Production in a Rotational Magnetic Stirring Tank and Parallel Channel Flow''</a>, Entropy, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 334 - 350, 2009 <p><li> Daggupati, V., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., Gravelsins, R., Wang, Z., <a href="#th12">``Equilibrium Conversion in Cu-Cl Cycle Multiphase Processes of Hydrogen Production''</a>, Thermochemica Acta, vol. 496, pp. 117 - 123, 2009 <p><li> Zamfirescu, C., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#th14">``Performance Evaluation of Organic and Titanium Based Working Fluids for High Temperature Heat Pumps''</a>, Thermochimica Acta, vol. 496, pp. 18 - 25, 2009 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., Predin, A., <a href="#th16"> ``Fluid Flow in Long Rectangular Minichannels and Microchannels'' </a>, Journal of Energy Technology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 41 - 54, 2009 <p><li> Rosen, M. A., Ajedegba, J. O., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jnum2">``Blade Configuration Effects on Flow Distribution and Power Output for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine''</a>, International Journal of Energy, Environment and Economics, vol. 17, no. 2, 2009 <p><li> Wang, Z. L., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href="#jnum3">``Comparison of Different Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Cycles for Hydrogen Production''</a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 34, pp. 3267 - 3276, 2009 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., <a href="#jnum4">``Fluid-Particle Mass Transport of Cupric Chloride Hydrolysis in a Fluidized Bed''</a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 52, pp. 2507 - 2515, 2009 <p><li> 5. Naterer, G. F., Suppiah, S., Lewis, M., Gabriel, K., Dincer, I., Rosen, M. A., Fowler, M., Rizvi, G., Easton, E. B., Ikeda, B. M., Kaye, M. H., Lu, L., Pioro, I., Spekkens, P., Tremaine, P., Mostaghimi, J., Avsec, A., Jiang, J., <a href="#jnum5">``Recent Canadian Advances in Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production and the Thermochemical Cu-Cl Cycle''</a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 34, pp. 2901 - 2917, 2009 <p><li> Bahadorani, P., Naterer, G. F., Nokleby, S., <a href="#jnum6">``Optimization of Heat Exchangers for Geothermal District Heating''</a>, Transactions of CSME, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 239 - 256, 2009 <p><li> Rashidi, R., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., Berg, P., <a href="#jnum7">``Performance Evaluation of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells for Portable Applications''</a>, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 187, pp. 509 - 516, 2009 <p><li> Lubis, L., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., <a href="#jnum9">``Utilizing Hydrogen Energy to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Canada s Residential Sector''</a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 34, pp. 1631 - 1637, 2009 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jnum10">``Heat Conduction with Seasonal Freezing and Thawing near a Tower Foundation''</a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 52, pp. 2068 - 2078, 2009 <p><li> Naidin, M., Mokry, S., Baig, F., Gospodinov, Y., Zirn, U., Bakan, K., Pioro, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#mokry08">``Conceptual Thermal-Design Options for Pressure Tube SCWRs with Thermochemical Co-generation of Hydrogen''</a>, ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 012901-1 to 012901-8, 2009 <p><li>Nojoumi, H., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#noj1">, ``Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assessment of Hydrogen and Kerosene Fueled Aircraft Propulsion </a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 34, pp. 1363 - 1369, 2009 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., Lu, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., <a href="#nglwz"> ''Recent Advances in Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production with a Thermochemical Copper-Chlorine Cycle'' </a>, ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, vol. 131, no. 3, 032905, pp. 1 - 10, 2009 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jpap3">``Seasonal Heat Transfer and Ground Thermal Response in a Power Transmission Tower Foundation'' </a>, International Journal of Transport Phenomena, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 307 - 322, 2009 <p><li> Duan, X., Wang, G. G., Kang, X., Niu, Q., Naterer, G. F., Peng, Q., <a href="#dwk"> ''Performance Study of a Mode-Pursuing Sampling Method'' </a>, Journal of Engineering Optimization, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 1 - 21, 2009 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Fowler, M., Cotton, J., Gabriel, K., <a href="#fowler1"> ''Synergistic Roles of Off-peak Electrolysis and Thermochemical Production of Hydrogen from Nuclear Energy in Canada''</a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, pp. 6849 - 6857, 2008 <p><li> Wang, Z., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href="#wng">''Multiphase Reactor Scale-up for Cu-Cl Thermochemical Hydrogen Production'' </a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, pp. 6934 - 6946, 2008 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#n2ndlaw"> ''Second Law Viability of Upgrading Industrial Waste Heat for Thermochemical Hydrogen Production'' </a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, pp. 6037 - 6045, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#hdn2"> ''Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of a Combined Gas Turbine Power System with a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell'' </a>, Thermochimica Acta, vol. 480, no. 1, pp. 1 - 9, 2008 <p><li> Chi, Z., He, Y., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#chi08">``Design Optimization of Vehicle Suspensions with a Quarter-Vehicle Model''</a>, Transactions of CSME, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 297 - 312, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jun08a">``Hydrodynamic Gas-Solid Model of Cupric Chloride Particles Reacting with Superheated Steam for Thermochemical Hydrogen Production''</a>, Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 63, pp. 4596 - 4604, 2008 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., Oblak, M., <a href="#jun08b">``Non-equilibrium Statistical Mechanics Formulation of Thermal Transport Properties for Binary and Ternary Mixtures''</a>, Archives of Thermodynamics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 21 - 47, 2008 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., Wang, Z., Daggupati, V., Gravelsins, <a href="#jun08c"> ``Thermochemical Hydrogen Production with a Copper-Chlorine Cycle, I: Oxygen Release from Copper Oxychloride Decomposition''</a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, pp. 5439 - 5450, 2008 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Daggupati, V., Marin, G., Gabriel, K., Wang, Z., <a href="#jun08d">``Thermochemical Hydrogen Production with a Copper-Chlorine Cycle, II: Flashing and Drying of Aqueous Cupric Chloride''</a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, pp. 5451 - 5459, 2008 <p><li> Orhan, M. F., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jun08e">``Cost Analysis of a Thermochemical Cu-Cl Pilot Plant for Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production''</a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, pp. 6006 - 6020, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jun08f">``Thermodynamic Models of a Gas Turbine Cycle Combined with a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell''</a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, pp. 5811 - 5822, 2008 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#duangr">``Ground Heat Transfer from a Varying Line Source with Seasonal Temperature Fluctuations'' </a>, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 130, no. 11, pp. 501 - 507, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#haselinew"> ``Thermal Effectiveness Correlation for a Shell and Tube Condenser with Noncondensing Gas''</a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 501 - 507, 2008 <p><li> Chi, Z., Naterer, G. F., He, Y., <a href="#jun08h">``Effects of Brake Disc Geometrical Parameters and Configurations on Automotive Braking Thermal Performance''</a>, Transactions of CSME, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 313 - 324, 2008 <p><li> Wang, X., Naterer, G. F., Bibeau, E., <a href="#wangconv"> ``Convective Heat Transfer from a NACA Airfoil at Varying Angles of Attack'' </a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 457 - 463, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., <a href="#haselicomp"> ``Comparative Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation of Hydrogen Passenger Trains''</a>, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, pp. 1788 - 1796, 2008 <p><li> Wang, D., Naterer, G. F., Wang, G. G., <a href="#wang10"> ``Boundary Search and Simplex Decomposition Method for MDO Problems with a Convex or Star-like State Parameter Region''</a>, Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, vol. 4, no. 35, pp. 285 - 300, 2008 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#duan1"> ``Ground Thermal Response to Heat Conduction in a Power Transmission Tower Foundation''</a>, Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 547 - 558, 2008 <p><li> Wang, X., Naterer, G. F., Bibeau, E., <a href="#wangmulti"> ``Multiphase Nusselt Correlation for the Impinging Droplet Heat Flux from a NACA Airfoil'' </a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 219 - 226, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y. Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jpap1"> ``Entropy Generation of Vapor Condensation in the Presence of a Non-Condensable Gas in a Shell and Tube Condenser''</a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 51, pp. 1596 - 1602, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijge08"> ``Unified Approach to Exergy Efficiency, Environmental Impact and Sustainable Development for Standard Thermodynamic Cycles'' </a>, International Journal of Green Energy, vol. 5, pp. 105 - 119, 2008 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jpap2">``Transition Criteria for Entropy Reduction for Convective Heat Transfer from Micropatterned Surfaces'' </a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 22, no.2, pp. 271 - 280, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jpap4"> ``Optimum Temperatures in a Shell and Tube Condenser with Respect to Exergy''</a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 51, pp. 2462 - 2470, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y. Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jpap6">``Exergy Analysis of Condensation of a Binary Mixture with one Non-Condensable Component in a Shell and Tube Condenser''</a>, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 130, no. 8, 084504 (5 pages), 2008 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Chomokovski, S. R., <a href="#jpap5"> ``Entropy Based Surface Microprofiling for Passive Near-Wall Flow Control'' </a>, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 17, pp. 2138 - 2147, 2007 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jpap7">``Interfacial Thermocapillary Pressure of an Accelerated Droplet in Microchannels: I. Fluid Flow Formulation''</a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 50, pp. 5269 - 5282, 2007 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jpap8">``Interfacial Thermocapillary Pressure of an Accelerated Droplet in Microchannels: II. Heat Transfer Formulation''</a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 50, pp. 5283 - 5291, 2007 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#adeyinka2"> ``Measured Turbulent Entropy Production with Large Eddy Particle Image Velocimetry''</a>, Experiments in Fluids, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 881-891, 2007 <p><li> Wang, D., Naterer, G. F., Wang, G. G., <a href="#wang3"> ``Extended Collaboration Pursuing Method for Solving Larger Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Problems''</a>, AIAA Journal, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1208-1221, 2007 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ogedengbe4"> ``Finite Volume Computations of Convective Exergy Losses in Microfludic Devices''</a>, International Journal of Exergy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 117 - 131, 2007 <p><li> Wang, X., Bibeau, E., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#wang5"> ``Experimental Correlation of Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a NACA Airfoil''</a>, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, vol. 31, pp. 1073-1082, 2007 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., Lu, M., Mueller, W., <a href="#duan6"> ``Transient Heat Conduction from a Vertical Rod Buried in a Semi-Infinite Medium with Variable Heating Strength''</a>, Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 547 - 557, 2007 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., <a href="#ogedengbe7">``Convective Exergy Losses of Developing Slip Flow in Microchannels''</a>, International Journal of Exergy, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 384-400, 2007 <p><li> Wang, X., Naterer, G. F., Bibeau, E., <a href="#wang8">``Convective Droplet Impact and Heat Transfer from a NACA Airfoil''</a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 543-547, 2007 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#glockner9">``Recent Advances in Nano-electromechanical and Microfluidic Power Generation'' </a>, International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 603 - 618, 2007 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ogedengbe11"> ``Convective Flux Dependence on Upstream Flow Directionality in Finite Volume Computations''</a>, Numerical Heat Transfer A, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 617 - 633, 2007 <p><li> Wang, D., Wang, G. G., Naterer, G. F. <a href="#wang12"> ``Collaboration Pursuing Method for Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Problems''</a>, AIAA Journal, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1091-1103, 2007 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#naterer13">``Microfluidic Friction and Thermal Energy Exchange in an Non-Polarized Electromagnetic Field'' </a>, International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 728 - 741, 2007 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., <a href="#ogedengbe14">``Slip Flow Irreversibility of Dissipative Kinetic Energy and Internal Energy Exchange in Microchannels''</a>, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 16, pp. 2167 - 2176, 2006 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Lam, C. H., <a href="#naterer15">``Transient Response of Two-Phase Heat Exchanger with Varying Convection Coefficients'' </a>, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 128, no. 9, pp. 861 - 974, 2006 <p><li> Lui, S. H., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#lui16">``Upper Entropy Bounds for Transient Forced Convection''</a>, Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 43, pp. 295 - 308, 2007 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#glockner17"> ``Surface Tension and Frictional Resistance of Thermocapillary Pumping in a Closed Microchannel''</a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 49, no. 23, pp. 4424 - 4436, 2006 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Tokarz, C. D., Avsec, J., <a href="#naterer18"> ``Fuel Cell Entropy Production with Ohmic Heating and Diffusive Polarization'' </a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 49, no. 15, pp. 2673 - 2683, 2006 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Tokarz, C. D., <a href="#naterer19">``Entropy Based Design of Fuel Cells''</a>, ASME Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 165 - 174, 2006 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Adeyinka, O. B., <a href="#naterer20">``New Laser Based Method for Non-Intrusive Measurement of Available Energy Loss and Local Entropy Production''</a>, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 91-95, 2006 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Tokarz, C. D., <a href="#naterer21">``Fuel Cell Exergy Losses of Activation Energy and Cathode Polarization''</a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 449 - 456, 2006 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#glockner22"> ``Numerical Simulation of Electrokinetic Flow and Heat Transfer in Microchannels with a Finite Volume Method''</a>, Numerical Heat Transfer A, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 451-470, 2006 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#naterer23">``Fuel Channel Friction and Thermal Irreversibilities in a Proton Membrane Exchange Fuel Cell''</a>, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 33, pp. 269 - 277, 2006 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jmm05b"> ``Thermocapillary Based Control of Microfluidic Transport with a Stationary Cyclic Heat Source''</a>, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 15, pp. 2216-2229, 2005 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#nht05a"> ``Preconditioned Solver Performance with Compressed Banded Data Format in 3-D Convective Heat Transfer Simulations''</a>, Numerical Heat Transfer A, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 965-985, 2005 <p><li> Milanez, M., Naterer, G. F., Venn, G., Richardson, G., <a href="#jcis05a">``On the Lagrangian / Eulerian Modeling of Dispersed Droplet Inertia: Interfacial Transition to Internal Circulation'' </a>, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 291, no. 2, pp. 577-584, 2005 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Adeyinka, O. B., <a href="#ijhmt05"> ``Microfluidic Exergy Loss in a Non-polarized Thermomagnetic Field'' </a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 48, pp. 3945-3956, 2005 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#nht05b"> ``Adaptive Grid Formulation of Thermocapillary Convection in a Microfluidic Two-Phase Flow''</a>, Numerical Heat Transfer B, vo. 48, no. 6, pp. 517 - 541, 2005 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#mte05"> ``Surface Micro-Profiling for Reduced Energy Dissipation and Exergy Loss in Convective Heat Transfer''</a>, Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 213-236, 2005 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijer04b"> ``Entropy Based Metric for Component Level Energy Management: Application to Diffuser Performance'' </a>, International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 1007-1024, 2005 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijer04"> ``Reducing Energy Availability Losses by Open Parallel Microchannels Embedded within Optimally Configured Surfaces'' </a>, International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 29, no. 13, pp. 1215-1229, 2005 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#asmejht04"> ``Particle Image Velocimetry Based Measurement of Entropy Production with Free Convective Heat Transfer''</a>, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 127, no. 6, pp. 615-624, 2005 <p><li> Milanez, M., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ichmt05"> ``Eulerian Cross-Phase Diffusive Effects on Impinging Droplets and Phase Change Heat Transfer''</a>, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 286 - 295, February, 2005 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijhmt05b"> ``Experimental Uncertainty of Measured Entropy Production with Pulsed Laser PIV and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence''</a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 1450 - 1461, 2005 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ichmt03"> ``Near-Wall Velocity Profile with Adaptive Shape Functions for Turbulent Forced Convection'' </a>, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 32, no. 1, 2005 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Glockner, P. S., Chomokovski, S. R., Richardson, G., Venn, G., <a href="#jmm05">``Surface Micro-Grooves for Near-Wall Exergy and Flow Control: Application to Aircraft Intake De-icing''</a>, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 15, pp. 501 - 513, 2005 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijhmt04b"> ``Embedded Converging Surface Microchannels for Minimized Friction and Thermal Irreversibilities''</a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 1225 - 1235, 2005 <p><li> Xu, R., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#etfs04"> ``Deterministic Physical Influence Control of Interfacial Motion in Thermal Processing of Solidified Materials'' </a>, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 227-238, 2005 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jtht04"> ``Adaptive Surface Micro-Profiling for Microfluidic Energy Conversion'' </a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 494 - 501, 2004 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#asmejfe03"> ``Modeling of Entropy Production in Turbulent Flows'' </a>, ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 126, no. 6, pp. 893-899, 2004 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#aiaajtht04"> ``Three-Dimensional Distributed Mass Weighting for Non-Inverted Convective Skew Upwinding''</a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 502-510, 2004 <p><li> Milanez, M., Naterer, G. F, Venn, G., Richardson, G., <a href="#aiaaj04"> ``Volume Averaged Pressure Interactions for Dispersed Droplet Phase Modeling of Multiphase Flow'' </a>, AIAA Journal, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 973-979, 2004 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ichmt04"> ``Optimization Correlation for Entropy Production and Energy Availability in Film Condensation'' </a>, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 513-524, 2004 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijnmf04"> ``Pressure Weighted Upwinding for Flow Induced Force Predictions: Application to Iced Surfaces''</a>, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 927-956, 2004 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#aiaaj04b"> ``Reduced Flow of a Metastable Layer at a Two-Phase Limit'' </a>, AIAA Journal, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 980-987, 2004 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#nht03"> ``Non-Inverted Skew Upwind Scheme for Three-Dimensional Convective Transport'' </a>, Numerical Heat Transfer B, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 141-164, 2004 <p><li> Xu, R., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijhmt04"> ``Controlled Interface Acceleration in Unidirectional Solidification'' </a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 47, no. 22, pp. 4821 - 4832, 2004 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijmf03"> ``Dispersed Multiphase Flow with Air-Driven Runback of a Liquid Layer at a Moving Boundary'' </a>, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1833-1856, 2003 <p><li> Wang, D., Naterer, G. F., Wang, G., <a href="#casj03"> ``Thermofluid Optimization of a Heated Helicopter Engine Cooling Bay'' </a>, Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 73-86, 2003 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Camberos, J. A., <a href="#aiaajtht03b"> ``Entropy and the Second Law in Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Simulation'' </a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 360-371, 2003 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#nht03b"> ``Eulerian Three-Phase Formulation with Coupled Droplet Flow and Multimode Heat Transfer''</a>, Numerical Heat Transfer B, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 331-352, 2003 <p><li> Milanez, M., Naterer, G. F., Venn, G., Richardson, G., <a href="#ppsc03"> ``Self Similarity of Cross-Stream Droplet Momentum Displacement in Dispersed Multiphase Flow''</a>, Particle and Particle Systems Characterization, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 62-72, 2003 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijhff03"> ``Coupled Liquid Film and Solidified Layer Growth with Impinging Supercooled Droplets and Joule Heating''</a>, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 223-235, 2003 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#asmejht03"> ``Temperature Gradient in the Unfrozen Liquid Layer for Multiphase Energy Balance with Incoming Droplets'' </a>, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 186-189, 2003 <p><li> Xu, R., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#aiaajtht03"> ``Controlling Phase Interface Motion in Inverse Heat Transfer Problems with Solidification''</a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 488-497, 2003 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#nht02"> ``Apparent Entropy Production Difference with Heat and Fluid Flow Irreversibilities'' </a>, Numerical Heat Transfer B, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 411-436, 2002 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Rinn, D., <a href="#ijnmf02"> ``Towards Entropy Detection of Anomalous Mass and Momentum Exchange in Incompressible Fluid Flow'' </a>, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1013-1036, 2002 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ichmt02"> ``Energy Balances at the Air / Liquid and Liquid / Solid Interfaces with Incoming Droplets at a Moving Ice Boundary'' </a>, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 29, no. 1 (02), pp. 57-66, 2002 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijmf02"> ``Multiphase Flow with Impinging Droplets and Airstream Interaction at a Moving Gas / Solid Interface'' </a>, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 451-477, March, 2002 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijhmt01a"> ``Establishing Heat-Entropy Analogies for Interface Tracking in Phase Change Heat Transfer with Fluid Flow'' </a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 44, no. 15, pp. 2903-2916, 2001 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijhmt01b"> ``Applying Heat-Entropy Analogies with Experimental Study of Interface Tracking in Phase Change Heat Transfer'' </a>, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 44, no. 15, pp. 2917-2932, 2001 <p><li> Xu, R., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jmpt01"> ``Inverse Method with Heat and Entropy Transport in Solidification Processing of Materials'' </a>, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 98-108, 2001 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#nht00a"> ``Predictive Entropy Based Correction of Phase Change Computations with Fluid Flow-Part 1 : Second Law Formulation'' </a>, Numerical Heat Transfer B, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 393-414, 2000 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#nht00b"> ``Predictive Entropy Based Correction of Phase Change Computations with Fluid Flow-Part 2 : Application Problems'' </a>, Numerical Heat Transfer B, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 415-436, 2000 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Deng, H., Popplewell, N., <a href="#csme99"> ``Predicting and Reducing Glaze Ice Accretion on Electric Power Lines with Joule Heating: Theory and Experiments'' </a>, Transactions of CSME, vol. 23, no. 1A, pp. 51-70, 1999 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#aiaaj99"> ``Constructing an Entropy-Stable Upwind Scheme for Compressible Fluid Flow Computations'' </a>, AIAA Journal, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 303-312, March, 1999 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Hendradjit, W., Ahn, K. J., Venart, J. E. S., <a href="#asmejht98">``Near-Wall Microlayer Evaporation Analysis and Experimental Study of Nucleate Pool Boiling on Inclined Surfaces'' </a>, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 641-653, 1998 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ijnmf97"> ``Sub-Grid Volumetric Quadrature Accuracy for Transient Compressible Flow Predictions'' </a>, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 143-149, 1997 <p><li> Naterer, G. F. , <a href="#msmse97"> ``Simultaneous Pressure-Velocity Coupling in the Two-Phase Zone for Solidification Shrinkage in an Open Cavity'' </a>, Modeling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 595-613, 1997 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#nht96"> ``Conduction Shape Factors of Long Polygonal Fibres in a Matrix'' </a>, Numerical Heat Transfer A, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 721-738, 1996 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Boros, J., Wang, X., <a href="#csme96"> ``A Turbulence Integral Model for the Evaluation of the Thermal Effectiveness of a Static Damper in Gas-Fired Water Heaters'' </a>, Transactions of CSME, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 437-452, 1996 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#nht95a"> ``PHASES Model of Binary Constituent Solid-Liquid Phase Transition-Part 1. Numerical Method'' </a>, Numerical Heat Transfer B, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 111-126, 1995 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#nht95b"> ``PHASES Model of Binary Constituent Solid-Liquid Phase Transition-Part 2. Applications'' </a>, Numerical Heat Transfer B, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 127-137, 1995 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#aiaajtht94"> ``Use of the Second Law for Artificial Dissipation in Compressible Flow Discrete Analysis'' </a>, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 500-506, 1994 <center><h3>Conference Publications</h3></center> <p><li> Wang, Z., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href="#cf1"> ``SCWR Heat Exchanger Interface with a Nuclear Hydrogen Plant , 2nd Canada-China Joint Conference on Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors''</a>, Toronto, ON, April 25  28, 2010 <p><li> Demir, N., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cf2"> ``Comparison of Sulphur-Iodine, Copper-Chlorine and Hybrid-Sulphur Thermochemical Cycles for Hydrogen Production''</a>, 2010 AIChE Annual Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, November 7  12, 2010 <p><li> Bourennani, F., Rahnamayan, S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cf3">``Methods of Optimization Based Design and Control for Renewable Energy Systems''</a>, International Conference on Clean Energy, Gazimagusa, Cyprus, September 15  17, 2010 <p><li> Pope, K., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., <a href="#cf4"> ``Energy and Exergy CFD Predictions for a Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine''</a>, 18th Conference of the CFD Society of Canada, London, ON, May 17  29, 2010 <p><li> Yang, J., Odukoya, A., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cf5"> ``Droplet Meniscus Motion of Thermocapillary Pumping in a Closed Microchannel with External Heating''</a>, ITherm 2010 Conference, 12th Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems, Las Vegas, NV, June 2  5, 2010 <p><li> Ahmed, F., Lu, F., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cf6"> ``Sustainable Energy Solution of Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy''</a>, 34th CNS/CNA Student Conference of the Canadian Nuclear Society, Montreal, Quebec, May 24  27, 2010 <p><li> Pope, K., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cf7"> ``Transient Power Coefficients for a Two-Blade Savonius Wind Turbine''</a>, International Conference on Energy and Environment, Toronto, ON, July 28  30, 2010 <p><li> Ahmed, F., Lu, F., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cf8"> ``Redundant Network Layer Model for a Nuclear Hydrogen Plant''</a>, 34th CNS/CNA Student Conference of the Canadian Nuclear Society, May 24  27, 2010 <p><li> Marin, G., Wang, Z., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href="#cf9">``Chemically Reacting and Particle-Laden Multiphase Flow in a Molten Salt Vessel''</a>, 10th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, Chicago, Illinois, June 28  July 1, 2010 <p><li> Odukoya, A., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cf10"> ``Experimental Study of Droplet Motion and Thermocapillary Heat Transfer in a Closed Microchannel''</a>, 10th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, Chicago, Illinois, June 28  July 1, 2010 <p><li> Pope, K., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cf11"> ``Multiple Streamtube Model for Transient Flow Predictions of Power Output from a Savonius Wind Turbine''</a>, 40th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, Chicago, Illinois, June 28  July 1, 2010 <p><li> Ahmed, F., Lu, F., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cf12"> ``Dynamic Flow Graph Methodology for Reliability and Safety Assessment of a Nuclear Hydrogen Plant''</a>, ICONE Paper 18-29776, 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Xian, Shaanxi, China, May 17  21, 2010 <p><li> Zamfirescu, C., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., <a href="#cf13">``Coupled CuCl Heat Pump and Endothermic Oxy-Decomposer for Sustainable Hydrogen Generation''</a>, Renewable Hydrogen National Symposium, Winnipeg, Manitoba, January 18  29, 2010 <p><li> Wang, Z., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K. S., <a href="#cf14">``SCWR Heat Exchanger Interface with a Nuclear Thermochemical Hydrogen Plant''</a>, CNS 2nd Canada-China Joint Workshop on Supercritical Water-cooled Reactors, Toronto, Ontario, April 25  28, 2010 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cf15">``Economics and Synergies of Electrolytic and Thermochemical Methods of Environmentally Benign Hydrogen Production''</a> (Invited), 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Essen, Germany, May 16  21, 2010 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Jaber, O., Dincer, I., <a href="#essen1"> ``Environmental Impact Comparison of Steam Methane Reformation and Thermochemical Processes of Hydrogen Production''</a> (Invited), 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Essen, Germany, May 16 - 21, 2010 <p><li> Wang, F., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., Gravelsins, R., Daggupati, V., <a href="#cnum1"> ``Coupling of Nuclear Plant Thermal Output to Hydrogen Production Thermochemical Cycles''</a>, Paper ICONE 17-75702, ASME 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Brussels, Belgium, July 12 - 16, 2009 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., Predin, A., <a href ="#cnum2"> ``Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties for Components in a Hydrogen Production Process''</a>, International Conference on Energy Technology and Climate Change, July 1 - 3, 2009, Velenje, Slovenia <p><li> Zamfirescu, C., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., <a href = "#znd09"> ``Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by a Copper-Chlorine Water Splitting Cycle Driven by Sustainable Energy Sources for Hydrogen Production'' </a>, Global Conference on Global Warming, Istanbul, Turkey, July 5  9, 2009 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum3"> ``Recent Canadian Advances in Sustainable Hydrogen Production''</a> (Invited), Global Conference on Global Warming, Istanbul, Turkey, July 5 - 9, 2009 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum4"> ``Experimental Investigation of a Phase Change Material for a Ground Thermal Barrier''</a>, 20th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena, Victoria, British Columbia, July 7 - 10, 2009 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum5"> ``Recent Canadian Advances in the Thermochemical Cu-Cl Cycle for Nuclear Based Hydrogen Production'' </a> (Invited), 4th International Workshop on the Nuclear Production of Hydrogen, Chicago, IL, April 13 - 15, 2009 <p><li> Naidin M., Pioro I., Zirn, U., Mokry S., Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum6"> ``Supercritical Water-Cooled NPPS with Co-Generation of Hydrogen: General Layout and Thermodynamic Cycle Options''</a>, 4th International Symposium on Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors, Heidelberg, Germany, March 8 - 11, 2009 <p><li> Daggupati, V., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href ="#cnum7"> ``Reaction Rate Analysis of Cupric Chloride Hydrolysis for Production of Hydrogen in a Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Cycle''</a>, National Hydrogen Association Conference, Columbia, SC, March 30 - April 3, 2009 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum8"> ``Recent Canadian Advances in Hydrail and Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production''</a> (Invited), National Hydrogen Association Conference, Columbia, SC, March 30 - April 3, 2009 <p><li> Abuadala, A., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum9"> ``Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification''</a>, International Conference on Hydrogen Production, Oshawa, Ontario, May 3 - 6, 2009 <p><li> Naidin, M., Mokry, S., Monichan, R., Chophla, K., Pioro, I., Gabriel, K., Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum10"> ``Thermodynamic Design of SCW NPP Cycles with Thermochemical Co-generation of Hydrogen''</a>, International Conference on Hydrogen Production, Oshawa, Ontario, May 3 - 6, 2009 <p><li> Zamfirescu, C., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., <a href ="#cnum11"> ``Kinetics of the Hydrogen Production Reaction in a Copper-Chlorine Water Splitting Plant''</a>, International Conference on Hydrogen Production, Oshawa, Ontario, May 3 - 6, 2009 <p><li> Zamfirescu, C., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum12"> ``Thermophysical Properties of Copper Compounds in Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles''</a>, International Conference on Hydrogen Production, Oshawa, Ontario, May 3 - 6, 2009 <p><li> Bahadorani, P., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href ="#cnum13"> ``Effects of Cupric Chloride Concentration on Aqueous Droplet Evaporation in the Cu-Cl Cycle''</a>, International Conference on Hydrogen Production, Oshawa, Ontario, May 3 - 6, 2009 <p><li> Wang, Z., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., Gravelsins, R., Daggupati, V., <a href ="#cnum14"> ``Comparison of Sulfur-Iodine and Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Cycles''</a>, International Conference on Hydrogen Production, Oshawa, Ontario, May 3 - 6, 2009 <p><li> Daggupati, V., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., Gravelsins, R., Wang, Z., <a href ="#cnum15"> ``Decomposition Analysis of Cupric Chloride Hydrolysis in the Cu-Cl Cycle of Hydrogen Production''</a>, International Conference on Hydrogen Production, Oshawa, Ontario, May 3 - 6, 2009 <p><li> Naterer, G. F.,<a href ="#cnum16"> ``Status of Canada's Program on Nuclear Thermochemical Hydrogen Production''</a> (Invited), International Conference on Hydrogen Production, Oshawa, Ontario, May 3 - 6, 2009 <p><li> Bahadorani, P., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href ="#cnum17"> ``Particle Formation from Slurry Spray Drying in Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production'' </a>, International Conference on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, Vancouver, British Columbia, May 31 - June 3, 2009 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum18"> ``Thermal Protection of Power Transmission Line Foundations against Permafrost Thawing due to Climate Change''</a>, 2nd Climate Change Technology Conference, Hamilton, Ontario, May 12 - 15, 2009 <p><li> Ajedegba, J., Rosen, M. A., Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum19"> ``CFD Modeling of Zephyr Wind Turbine for Climate Change Mitigation''</a>, 2nd Climate Change Technology Conference, Hamilton, Ontario, May 12 - 15, 2009 <p><li> Pope, K., Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum20"> ``Potential of Carbon Mitigation by Vertical Axis Wind Turbines in Urban Regions''</a>, 2nd Climate Change Technology Conference, Hamilton, Ontario, May 12 - 15, 2009 <p><li> Chi, Z., He, Y., Naterer, G. F., <a href ="#cnum21"> ``Geometrical Optimization of Automotive Brake Discs''</a>, SAE World Congress, Society of Automotive Engineers International, Detroit, Michigan, April 20-23, 2009 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., Gravelsins, R., <a href="#jun08j"> ``Recent Advances in the Copper-Chlorine Cycle for Thermochemical Hydrogen Production''</a>, 58th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, October 19 - 22, 2008 <p><li> Chukwu, C. C., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., Dahlquist, E., Marnoch, I. A., <a href="#chukwuthermal"> ``Thermal Optimization and Economic Analysis of a Marnoch Heat Engine'' </a>, Swedish National Energy Convention, Stockholm, Sweden, March 12-13, 2008 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., <a href="#ogedconj"> ``Conjugate Heat Transfer with Slip Flow Irreversibilities in a Parallel Flow Heated Microchannel'' </a>, 21st International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, Krakow, Poland, June 24 - 27, 2008 <p><li> Marnoch, I., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., Weston, J., <a href="#marturk">``Marnoch Engine Performance for Multiple Pressure Vessel Configurations </a>, Proceedings of the Global Conference on Global Warming, pp. 670 - 679, Istanbul, Turkey, July 6 - 10, 2009 <p><li> Chi, Z., He, Y., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jun08l">``Geometrical Optimization of Vented Brake Discs of Automotive Vehicles''</a>, 2nd CIRP Conference on Assembly Technologies and Systems, Toronto, Ontario, September 21 - 23, 2008 <p><li> Zhang, Y., Lu, L., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jun08m">``Reliability and Safety Assessment of a Conceptual Thermochemical Plant for Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Generation''</a>, ASME 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Orlando, Florida, May 11 - 15, 2008 <p><li> Mokry, S., Naidin, M., Baig, F., Gospodinov, Y., Zirn, U., Bakan, K., Pioro, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#mokryconc">, ``Conceptual Thermal-Design Options for Pressure Channel SCWRs with Thermochemical Co-generation of Hydrogen'' </a>, 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Orlando, Florida, May 11 - 15, 2008 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., Wang, Z., <a href="#cpap1"> ``Recent Advances in Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production with the Thermochemical Copper-Chlorine Cycle''</a>, 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Orlando, Florida, May 11 - 15, 2008 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Adeyinka, O. B., <a href="#cpap2">``Entropy-Based Loss Coefficients for Turbulent Channel Flow with Heat Transfer''</a>, ASME Heat Transfer, Fluids, Solar and Nano Conference, Jacksonville, Florida, August 10 - 14, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#haselinum"> ``Numerical Procedure for Analysis of Condensation of Steam from a Steam-Air Mixture in a Shell and Two-Path Heat Exchanger'' </a>, ASME Heat Transfer, Fluids, Solar and Nano Conference, Jacksonville, Florida, August 10 - 14, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#haseliformulation"> ``Formulation of Film Theory Equations for Modeling of Condensation of Steam-Air Mixtures in a Shell and Tube Condenser'' </a>, ASME Heat Transfer, Fluids, Solar and Nano Conference, Jacksonville, Florida, August 10 - 14, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#haselithermperf"> ``Thermodynamic Performance of a Gas Turbine Plant Combined with a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell'' </a>, ASME 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Jacksonville, Florida, August 10 - 14, 2008 <p><li> Daggupati, V., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href="#cpap3"> ``Heat Recovery with Low Temperature Spray Drying for Thermochemical Hydrogen Production''</a>, 10th International Conference on Advanced Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements in Heat Transfer, Maribor, Slovenia, July 9 - 11, 2008 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cpap4">``Thermodynamic Property Evaluation of Copper-Chlorine Fluid Mixtures at High Temperatures''</a>, AIAA 40th Thermophysics Conference, Seattle, WA, June 23 - 26, 2008 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#jun08n">``Analytical Formulation of Liquid Slip Flow in Minichannels and Microchannels''</a>, AIAA 40th Thermophysics Conference, Seattle, WA, June 23 - 26, 2008 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., <a href="#ogedslip"> ``Slip Flow Irreversibility Effects and Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Counterflow Heated Microchannel'' </a>, Paper 575-602, 3rd IASME/WSEAS International Conference on Energy and Environment, World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society, Cambridge, UK, February 23 - 25, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., <a href="#cpap5"> ``Thermal Effectiveness of a Shell and Tube Condenser with Effects of Non-Condensing Gas Leakage''</a>, AIAA Paper 2008-3920, AIAA 40th Thermophysics Conference, Seattle, WA, June 23 - 26, 2008 <p><li> Marin, G., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href="#cpap6"> ``Evaporative Drying of Cupric Chloride Droplets in a Thermochemical Cycle of Hydrogen Production''</a>, AIAA Paper 2008-3924, AIAA 40th Thermophysics Conference, Seattle, WA, June 23 - 26, 2008 <p><li> Wang, Z., Gabriel, K., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cpap7"> ``Thermochemical Process Heat Requirements of the Copper-Chlorine Cycle for Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production''</a>, 29th Conference of the Canadian Nuclear Society, Toronto, Ontario, June 1 - 4, 2008 <p><li> Chukwu, C., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., <a href="#chukwuproc"> ``Process Simulation of Nuclear-Produced Hydrogen with a Cu-Cl Cycle'' </a>, 29th Conference of the Canadian Nuclear Society, Toronto, Ontario, June 1 - 4, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Dincer, I., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#haselireact"> ``Reactive Transport Phenomena of Copper Oxychloride Particles in a Fluidized Bed for Nuclear Hydrogen Production'' </a>, 29th Conference of the Canadian Nuclear Society, Toronto, Ontario, June 1 - 4, 2008 <p><li> Zhang, Y., Lu, L., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#zhangreli"> ``Reliability and Safety Assessment of a Conceptual Thermochemical Plant for Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Generation'' </a>, 29th Conference of the Canadian Nuclear Society, Toronto, Ontario, June 1 - 4, 2008 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#duanexp"> ``Experimental Study of Seasonal Ground Thawing and Freezing of a Tower Foundation in Canadian Permafrost Regions'' </a>, CSME Forum, Ottawa, Ontario, June 5 - 8, 2008 <p><li> Pope, K., Naterer, G. F., Tsang, E., <a href="#cpap8"> ``Effects of Rotor-Stator Geometry on Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Performance''</a>, CSME Forum, Ottawa, Ontario, June 5 - 8, 2008 <p><li> Chi, Z., Naterer, G. F., He, Y., <a href="#chithermal"> ``Thermal Performance Analysis of Vented Automotive Brake Discs'' </a>, CSME Forum, Ottawa, Ontario, June 5 - 8, 2008 <p><li> Ajedegba, J. O., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., Tsang, E., <a href="#ajedegbaeffect"> ``Effects of Blade Configurations on Flow Distribution and Power Output of a Zephyr Vertical Axis Wind Turbine'' </a>, 3rd IASME/WSEAS International Conference on Energy and Environment, World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society, Cambridge, UK, February 23 - 25, 2008 <p><li> Wang, X., Bibeau, E., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cpap9"> ``Multiphase Flow with Convective Droplet Impact on a NACA Airfoil at Varying Angles of Attack''</a>, AIAA Paper 2008-476, AIAA 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 7-10, 2008 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cpap10">``Measured Thermal Response to a Varying Line Heat Source in a Semi-Infinite Medium''</a>, AIAA Paper 2008-1190, AIAA 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 7-10, 2008 <p><li> Haseli, Y., Naterer, G. F., Dincer, I., <a href="#cpap11"> ``Phase Change Irreversibility of a Steam-Air Mixture in a Shell and Tube Condenser''</a>, AIAA Paper 2008-1196, AIAA 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 7-10, 2008 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., Oblak, M., <a href="#cpap12"> ``Exergy Analysis and Influence of Thermomagnetic Irreversibilities of Fluid Flow in Long Rectangular Minichannels and Microchannels'' </a>, Kuhljevi Dnevi Conference of the Slovenian Society for Mechanics, Snovi, Slovenia, September 20 - 21, 2007 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cpap13">``Application of Non-equilibrium Statistical Mechanics for the Calculation of Diffusion Coefficients in a Fuel Cell''</a>, Kuhljevi Dnevi Conference of the Slovenian Society for Mechanics, Snovik, Slovenia, September 20-21, 2007 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cpap14">``Seasonal Heat Transfer and Ground Thermal Response in a Power Transmission Tower Foundation''</a>, 18th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena, Daejeon, Korea, August 27 - 30, 2007 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Gravelsins, R., Gabriel, K. S., Rosen, M. A., <a href="#cpap15">``Scale-up of a Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Cycle for Hydrogen Production''</a>, 57th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Edmonton, Alberta, October 28 - 31, 2007 <p><li> Wang, X., Naterer, G. F., Bibeau, E., <a href="#wang1c">``Experimental Investigation of Energy Losses due to Icing of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine''</a>, International Conference on Power Engineering, Hangzhou, China, October 23-27, 2007 <p><li> Wang, X., Naterer, G. F., Bibeau, E., <a href="#wang2c">``Wind Tunnel Measurements of Convective Heat Transfer with Droplet Impact on a Wind Turbine NACA 63-421 Blade''</a>, ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, July 8 - 12, 2007 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., Glockner, P. S., <a href="#ogedengbe3c">``Electrokinetic Flow Model of Slip Flow Irreversibilities in Microchannels''</a>, 15th Annual Conference of the CFD Society of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, May 27 - 31, 2007 <p><li> Wang, Z., Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href="#wang4c">``Hydrogen Production with a Cu-Cl Cycle: Analysis of Thermal Efficiency''</a>, Canadian Hydrogen Workshop on Hydrogen Production from Non-fossil Sources, Oshawa, Ontario, May 30, 2007 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#duan5c">``Ground Temperature Estimation with an Energy Balance Method''</a>, 21st Canadian Congress of Applied Mechanics, Toronto, Ontario, June 3 - 7, 2007 <p><li> Armstrong, A., Haseen, F., Marnoch, I., Weston, J., Naterer, G. F., Lu, L., Rosen, M. A., Dincer, I., <a href="#armstrong6c">``Thermodynamic Optimization and Control of a Marnoch Thermal Energy Conversion Device''</a>, 21st Canadian Congress of Applied Mechanics, Toronto, Ontario, June 3 - 7, 2007 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, G. F., <a href="#ogedengbe7c"> ``Dielectric Energy Conversion with Slip Flow Irreversibilities in Microchannels''</a>, 21st Canadian Congress of Applied Mechanics, Toronto, Ontario, June 3 - 7, 2007 <p><li> Wang, X., Bibeau, E., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#wang8c">``Modified Hilpert Correlation for Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer from a NACA Airfoil''</a>, AIAA Paper 2007-4391, AIAA 39th Thermophysics Conference, Miami, FL, June 25 - 28, 2007 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#naterer9c">``Effects of Magnetic Field Strength and Hartmann Number on Electro-dynamic Energy Exchange in Microchannels''</a>, AIAA Paper 2007-4597, International Conference on Magneto-hydrodynamic Energy Conversion, Miami, FL, June 25 - 28, 2007 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#adeyinka10c">``Towards Optical Measurement of Entropy Transport in Turbulent Flows''</a>, AIAA Paper 2007-4052, AIAA 39th Thermophysics Conference, Miami, FL, June 25 - 28, 2007 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#glockner11c">``Deformable Moving Grid Formulation of Pressure-Velocity Coupling in a Microfluidic Two-Phase Flow''</a>, AIAA Paper 2007-4614, AIAA 18th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, Miami, FL, June 25 - 28, 2007 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#duan12c">``Temperature Response to the Time-Varying Strength of a Line Heat Source in a Half-Space''</a>, AIAA Paper 2007-3898, AIAA 39th Thermophysics Conference, Miami, FL, June 25 - 28, 2007 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#naterer13c">``Hydrogen Flow Irreversibilities with a Boundary Suction Velocity in Electrochemical Channel Flow''</a>, AIAA Paper 2007-4419, AIAA 37th Fluid Dynamics Conference, Miami, FL, June 25 - 28, 2007 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#adeyinka14c">``Measured Mean Flow Dissipation and Turbulence Kinetic Energy Budget of the Second Law''</a>, AIAA Paper 2007-1411, AIAA 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 8-11, 2007 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#glockner15c">``Towards Microfabrication of a Thermoelectric Heat Engine in a Micro Energy Source''</a>, AIAA Paper 2007-799, AIAA 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 8-11, 2007 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ogedengbe16c">``Exergy Recovery of Thermally Induced Wall Slip in Microchannels''</a>, AIAA Paper 2007-800, AIAA 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 8-11, 2007 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#naterer17c">``Irreversibility Equivalence Ratio of Micropatterned Surface Roughness for Wall Slip Flow Control''</a>, AIAA Paper 2007-1080, AIAA 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 8-11, 2007 <p><li> Rosen, M. A., Naterer, G. F., Sadhankar, R., Suppiah, S., <a href="#rosen18c"> ``Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production with a Thermochemical Copper-Chlorine Cycle and Supercritical Water Reactor''</a>, Canadian Hydrogen Association Workshop, Montreal, Quebec, October 19 - 20, 2006 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Gabriel, K., <a href="#naterer19c">``Thermal Design of Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production with a Cu-Cl Cycle''</a>, Canadian Hydrogen Association Workshop, Poster Presentation, Montreal, Quebec, October 19 - 20, 2006 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., Oblak, M., <a href="#avsec20c">``Binary Diffusion Coefficients at Varying Temperatures and Partial Pressures in a Fuel Cell''</a>, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Chicago, IL, November 5 - 10, 2006 <p><li> Wang, X., Bibeau, E., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#wang21c">``Experimental Investigation of Wind Energy Losses under Icing Conditions''</a>, Canadian Wind Energy Association Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, October 22 - 25, 2006 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#oge22c">``Sensitivity Study of Near-Wall Effects in Microchannel Flows''</a>, TIM 2006 Fluid Dynamics Meeting, Gannanoque, Ontario, April 28 - 30, 2006 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., Oblak, M., <a href="#avse23c">``Fluid Flow with Thermophysical Property Variations in Long Rectangular Minichannels and Microchannels''</a>, AIAA Paper 2006-3137, AIAA/ASME 9th Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, CA, June 5 - 8, 2006 <p><li> Tokarz, C. D., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#tokarz24c">``Ohmic Heating and Thermochemical Irreversibilities in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell''</a>, AIAA Paper 2006-3396, AIAA/ASME 9th Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, CA, June 5 - 8, 2006 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#naterer25c">``Irreversibility Ratio and Passive Flow Control with Aligned Surface Micro-Grooves''</a>, AIAA Paper 2006-3349, AIAA 3rd Flow Control Conference, San Francisco, CA, June 5 - 8, 2006 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#glockner26c">``Thermocapillary Flow Control in Microfluidic Devices''</a>, AIAA Paper 2006-3521, AIAA 36th Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, San Francisco, CA, June 5 - 8, 2006 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#naterer27c">``Discrete Step Changes of Inlet Fluid Temperature in a Two-Phase Crossflow Heat Exchanger''</a>, AIAA Paper 2006-3805, AIAA/ASME 9th Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, CA, June 5 - 8, 2006 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ogedengbe28c">``Finite Volume Computations of Convective Exergy Losses in Microfludic Devices''</a>, International Green Energy Conference, Oshawa, ON, June 25-29, 2006 <p><li> Duan, X., Naterer, G. F., Lu, M., Mueller, W., <a href="#duan29c">``Transient Heat Conduction and Ground Layer Energy Storage in Tower Foundation Design''</a>, International Green Energy Conference, Oshawa, ON, June 25 - 29, 2006 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#glockner30c">``Thermocapillary Heat Recovery as a Micro Energy Source for Thermoelectric Microdevices''</a>, International Green Energy Conference, Oshawa, ON, June 25-29, 2006 <p><li> Wang, X., Naterer, G. F., Bibeau, E., <a href="#wang31c">``Experimental Study of 3-D Blades and Wind Turbines under Icing Conditions''</a>, International Green Energy Conference, Oshawa, ON, June 25-29, 2006 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., <a href="#ogedengbe32c"> ``Dissipative Kinetic and Thermal Energy Exchange in Microchannel Flows''</a>, Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering Forum, Kananaskis, Alberta, Section WB2: Experimental Fluid Mechanics, paper 4, pp. 1 - 10, 2006 <p><li> Wang, D., Wang, G., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#wang33c">``Advancement of the Collaboration Pursuing Method''</a>, AIAA Paper 2006-0730, AIAA 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 9-12, 2006 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#a20055327">``Effects of Thermomagnetic Irreversibilities on Microfluidic Transport''</a>, AIAA Paper 2005-5327, AIAA 38th Thermophysics Conference, Toronto, ON, June 6 - 9, 2005 <p><li> Milanez, M., Naterer, G. F., Richardson, G., Venn, G., <a href="#a20055189">``Dispersed Droplet Momentum Characterization with Particle Image Velocimetry in Helicopter Icing Studies''</a>, AIAA Paper 2005-5189, AIAA 4th Theoretical Fluid Mechanics Meeting, Toronto, ON, June 6 - 9, 2005 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#a20055107"> ``Computation of Thermocapillary Pumping in a Rectangular Microchannel with a Finite Volume Method''</a>, AIAA Paper 2005-5107, AIAA 17th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, Toronto, ON, June 6 - 9, 2005 <p><li> Sun, Q., Naterer, G. F., Fraser, D. W., <a href="#a20055321"> ``Towards Integration of Turbine Blade Design and Entropy Generation Minimization''</a>, AIAA Paper 2005-5321, AIAA 4th Theoretical Fluid Mechanics Meeting, Toronto, ON, June 6 - 9, 2005 <p><li> Sun, Q., Fraser, D. W., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#a20055011"> ``Rotating Turbomachinery Measurements with an Electric DC Generator and Magnetic Coupling in a Water Tunnel''</a>, AIAA Paper 2005-5011, AIAA 35th Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, Toronto, ON, June 6 - 9, 2005 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#a2005180">``Entropy Based Surface Micro-Profiling in Convective Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion Applications''</a>, AIAA Paper 2005-180, AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 10 - 13, 2005 <p><li> Milanez, M., Naterer, G. F., Richardson, G., Venn, G., <a href="#a20051290">``Dilute Gas / Droplet Flow Past a Frontward Facing Step'' </a>, AIAA Paper 2005-1290, AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Fluid Dynamics Section, Reno, NV, January 10 - 13, 2005 <p><li> Xu, R., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#a2005656">``Onset of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation with Supercooling''</a>, AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA Paper 2005-656, Atmospheric and Space Environments Section, Reno, NV, January 10 - 13, 2005 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Glockner, P. S., <a href="#a2005678">``Microfluidic Thermocapillary Pumping and Frictional Loss in an Electric Field''</a>, AIAA Paper 2005-678, AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Fluid Dynamics Section, Reno, NV, January 10 - 13, 2005 <p><li> Wang, D., Wang, G. G., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#a2005128"> ``Boundary Search Method for MDO Problems with a Convex System Parameter Region''</a>, AIAA Paper 2005-128, AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Section, Reno, NV, January 10 - 13, 2005 <p><li> Avsec, J., Naterer, G. F., Oblak, M., <a href="#avsec05"> ``Transport Properties in Composition Dependence of Binary and Ternary Mixtures''</a>, AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Thermophysics Section, Reno, NV, January 10 - 13, 2005 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#ogeden05"> ``Compressed Banded Data Structure for Preconditioned Data Structure in Numerical Heat Transfer''</a>, AIAA Paper2005-0572, AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Thermophysics Section, Reno, NV, January 10 - 13, 2005 <p><li> Wang, D., Wang, G., G., Naterer, G. F., , <a href="#wang05"> ``Collaboration Pursuing Method for MDO Problems''</a>, AIAA 1st Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Specialist Conference, Austin, TX, April 18 - 21, 2005 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#adeyin05"> ``A New Second Law Based Loss Mapping with PIV for Turbulent Flows''</a>, 11th International Symposium on Flow Visualization, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA, August 9 - 12, 2004 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#manu05"> ``Reduced Design Time with NISUS Convection Modeling: Application to a Rotating Lubrication System''</a>, MANUTECH 7th International Conference on Manufacturing Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, July 12 - 14, 2004 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Adeyinka, O. B., <a href="#itss04"> ``New Laser Based Method for Non-Intrusive Measurement of Available Energy Loss and Local Entropy Production'' </a>, International Thermal Science Seminar, Bled, Slovenia, June 13-16, 2004 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#aiaa42"> ``Numerical and Experimental PIV/PLIF Studies of Entropy Production in Natural Convection'' </a>, AIAA 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, Jan. 5-8, 2004 <p><li> Ogedengbe, E. O. B., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#aiaa995"> ``Distributed Mass Weighting with Non-Inverted Convection Upwind Variables for Three-Dimensional Flow Simulations'' </a>, AIAA Paper 2004-995, AIAA 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, Jan. 5-8, 2004 <p><li> Wang, D., Wang, G., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#asme29"> ``Optimization of Helicopter Air Intake Scoop Design'' </a>, ASME 29th Design Automation Conference, International Design Engineering Conference, Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Chicago, Illinois, September 2-6, 2003 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Chomokovski, S. R., Friesen, C., Shafai, C., <a href="#aiaa4054"> ``Micro-machined Surface Channels Applied to Engine Intake Flow and Heat Transfer'' </a>, AIAA Paper 2003-4054, AIAA 36th Thermophysics Conference, Orlando, FL, June 23-26, 2003 <p><li> Xu, R., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#banff03"> ``Phase Interface Motion Control in Solidification with Time Dependent Boundary Cooling'' </a>, Third International Conference on Computational Heat and Mass Transfer, Banff, Canada, May 26-30, 2003 <p><li> Milanez, M., Naterer, G. F., Venn, G., Richardson, G., <a href="#aiaa3182">``Eulerian Formulation for Droplet Tracking in Dispersed Phase of Turbulent Multiphase Flow''</a>, AIAA Paper 2002-3182, AIAA 32nd Fluid Dynamics Conference, St. Louis, MO, June 24-27, 2002 <p><li> Glockner, P. S., Naterer, G. F., Venn, G., Richardson, G., <a href="#aiaa2965">``Two-Equation Turbulence Modeling of External Flow Past Helicopter Engine Bay Cooling Inlets''</a>, AIAA Paper 2002-2965, AIAA 32nd Fluid Dynamics Conference, St. Louis, MO, June 24-27, 2002 <p><li> Adeyinka, O. B., Naterer, G. F. <a href="#aiaa3090"> ``Predicted Entropy Production and Measurements with Particle Image Velocimetry for Recirculating Flows'' </a>, AIAA Paper 2002-3090, AIAA / ASME 8th Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, St. Louis, MO, June 24-27, 2002 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Popplewell, N., Barrett, W., Anderson, J., Faraci, E., McCartney, D., Lehmann, W., <a href="#aiaa2867"> ``Experimental Facility for New Hybrid Ice / Spray Flow Tunnel with Laser Based Droplet Measurement''</a>, AIAA Paper 2002-2867, AIAA 32nd Fluid Dynamics Conference, St. Louis, MO, June 24-27, 2002 <p><li> Wang, D., Naterer, G. F., Wang, G., <a href="#aiaa3000"> ``Adaptive Response Surface Method for Thermal Optimization: Application to Aircraft Engine Cooling System''</a>, AIAA Paper 2002-3000, AIAA / ASME 8th Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, St. Louis, MO, June 24-27, 2002 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#csmeforum02"> ``Predicted Flow Irreversibility with Measurements by Intrusive and Laser Based Techniques''</a>, CSME Forum 2002, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, May 21-24, 2002 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Camberos, J., A., <a href="#aiaa2758"> ``The Role and Entropy and the Second Law in Computational Thermofluids'' </a>, AIAA Paper 2001-2758, AIAA 35th Thermophysics Conference, June 11-14, Anaheim, CA, 2001 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Glockner, P. S., <a href="#aiaa3032"> ``Pulsed Laser PIV Measurements and Multiphase Turbulence Model of Aircraft Engine Inlet Flows'' </a>, AIAA Paper 2001-3032, AIAA 31st Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, June 11-14, Anaheim, CA, 2001 <p><li> Xu, R., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#aiaa2583"> ``Controlling Phase Interface Motion in Inverse Heat Transfer Problems with Solidification''</a>, AIAA Paper 2000-2583, AIAA 34th Thermophysics Conference, Denver, Colorado, June 19-22, 2000 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Camberos, J. A., <a href="#aiaa3514"> ``Second Law Formulation for a Stable Velocity-Temperature Coupling in Computational Fluid Flow''</a>, AIAA Paper 99-3514, AIAA 30th Fluid Dynamics Conference, Norfolk, VA, June 28-July 1, 1999 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#aiaa3449"> ``Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Inclined Boundary Layers with Film Boiling''</a>, AIAA Paper 99-3449, AIAA 33rd Thermophysics Conference, Norfolk, VA, June 28-July 1, 1999 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Roach, D. C., <a href="#aiaa2765"> ``Entropy and Numerical Stability in Phase Change Problems''</a>, AIAA Paper 98-2765, Joint AIAA/ASME 7th Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, Albuquerque, NM, June 15-18, 1998 <p><li> Hendradjit, W., Ahn, K. J., Venart, J. E. S., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#belgium97">``Steady State Boiling Heat Transfer from Inclined Surfaces to Methanol'' </a>, 4th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Brussels, Belgium, June 2-6, 1997 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cns96"> ``Integral Solution of Equiaxed Solidification with an Interface Kinetics Model for Nuclear Waste Management'' </a>, Canadian Nuclear Society 17th Annual Conference, Fredericton, New Brunswick, June 9-12, 1996 <p><li> Leblanc, M., Girard, R., Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cns96b">``One-Dimensional Numerical Model of CANDU Fuel Channels Using the SIMPLEC Method'' </a>, Canadian Nuclear Society 17th Annual Conference, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, June 9-12, 1996 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#bled95"> ``Finite Element Analysis of Thermosolutal Convection at the Solid- Liquid Interface'' </a>, Third International Conference on Moving Boundaries, Bled, Slovenia, Europe, June 22-27, 1995 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#aiaa2064"> ``Experimental Study of Dynamic and Thermal Conditions During Binary Dendritic Solidification'' </a>, AIAA Paper 95-2064, AIAA 29th Thermophysics Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, June 19-22, 1995 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#aiaa1994"> ``Shrinkage-Induced Free Surface Flows with Phase Transition'' </a>, AIAA Paper 94-1994, Joint AIAA/ASME 6th Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, Colorado Springs, CO, June 20-23, 1994 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#cfd94"> ``The Effects of Volumetric Shrinkage Flows on Metallurgical Casting Processes''</a>, Second Annual Conference of the CFD Society of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 1-3, 1994 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#cns94"> ``Anisotropic Permeability Model of Casting Processes for Nuclear Waste Management''</a>, CNA / CNS 19th Nuclear Sciences Student Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, March 18-20, 1994 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#aiaa0250"> ``Binary Alloy Continuum Model for Simultaneous Solution of Multiphase Mass-Momentum Transport''</a>, AIAA Paper 94-0250, AIAA 32nd Aerospace Sciences Conference, Reno, NV, January 10-13, 1994 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#aiaa2833"> ``The Effects of Molecular Diffusion Rates on Binary Alloy Solidification'' </a>, AIAA Paper 93-2833, AIAA 28th Thermophysics Conference, Orlando, FL, July 6-9, 1993 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#cna18"> ``Species Redistribution During Solidification of Nuclear Fuel Waste Metal Castings''</a>, Proceedings, CNA 18th Nuclear Sciences Student Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, April 2-3, 1993 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., <a href="#aiaa0592"> ``Analytic Solution for Thermal Resistance of Regions Bounded by Concentric N-gons (N=3, 4, ...)'' </a>, AIAA Paper 93-0592, AIAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Conference, Reno, NV, January 11-14, 1993 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#aiaa0277"> ``Enthalpy-Based Finite Element Model of Binary Alloy Solid-Liquid Phase Change'' </a>, AIAA Paper 93-0277, AIAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Conference, Reno, NV, January 11-14, 1993 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#aiaa2942"> ``Use of the Second Law in a Predictive Capacity for Compressible Fluid Flow Discrete Analysis'' </a>, AIAA Paper 92-2942, AIAA 27th Thermophysics Conference, Nashville, TN, July 6-8, 1992 <p><li> Naterer, G. F., Schneider, G. E., <a href="#aiaa0365"> ``Physical Influences of Integration Point Equations on a Control-Volume-Based Finite Element Method for Compressible Flows'' </a>, AIAA Paper 92-0365, AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Conference, Reno, NV, January 6-9, 1992 </ol> <hr size=``5`` width=``100%`` align=``center`` noshade> <center><h3>Journal Publications</h3></center> <a name=j1><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Nuclear-based Hydrogen Production with a Thermochemical Copper-Chlorine Cycle and Supercritical Water Reactor: Equipment Scale-up and Process Simulation </center></i><p> Issues related to equipment scale-up and process simulation are described for a thermochemical cycle driven by nuclear heat from Canada s proposed Generation IV reactor (SCWR), which is a CANDU derivative using Super-Critical Water Reactor cooling. The copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle has been identified by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) as the most promising cycle for thermochemical hydrogen production with SCWR. Water is decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen through intermediate Cu-Cl compounds. This paper outlines the challenges and design issues of hydrogen production with a Cu-Cl cycle coupled to Canada s nuclear reactors. The processes are simulated using the Aspen Plus process simulation code, allowing the cycle efficiency and possible efficiency improvements to be examined. The results are useful to assist the development of a lab-scale cycle demonstration, which is currently being undertaken at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology, in collaboration with numerous partners. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=j2><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Coupling of Copper-Chlorine Hybrid Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle with a Desalination Plant for Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy </center></i><p> Energy and environmental concerns have motivated research on clean energy resources. Nuclear energy has the potential to provide a significant share of energy supply without contributing to environmental emissions and climate change. Nuclear energy has been used mainly for electric power generation, but hydrogen production via thermochemical water decomposition provides another pathway for the utilization of nuclear thermal energy. One option for nuclear-based hydrogen production via thermochemical water decomposition uses a copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle. Another societal concern relates to supplies of fresh water. Thus, to avoid causing one problem while solving another, hydrogen could be produced from seawater rather than limited fresh water sources. In this study we analyze a coupling of the Cu-Cl cycle with a desalination plant for hydrogen production from nuclear energy and seawater. Desalination technologies are reviewed comprehensively to determine the most appropriate option for the Cu-Cl cycle and a thermodynamic analysis and several parametric studies of this coupled system are presented for various configurations. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=j3><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> </center></i><p> Heat Transfer in a Tower Foundation with Ground Surface Insulation and Periodic Freezing and Thawing </center></i><p> Insulation can be used over the foundation of ground structures to protect them against cyclical freezing and thawing damage. However, if the structure is composed of metal, heat transfer through the structure can have significant thermal effects on the foundation (i.e., causing ground temperature changes). This paper presents analytical and experimental studies on thermal effects of a metal tower in a power transmission line foundation, particularly when the foundation is protected with ground surface insulations. The results indicate that the metal tower has seasonally variable effects on temperature variations in the tower foundation. Although ground surface insulation can reduce the temperature variations in the foundation, it cannot prevent adverse thermal effects of the metal tower. In this paper, other protective techniques are proposed to develop more effective thermal protection for tower foundations. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=hdn><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Exergy Efficiency of Two-Phase Flow in a Shell and Tube COndenser </center></i><p> Exergy analysis of condensation of pure vapor in a mixture of non-condensing gas in a TEMA 'E' shell and tube condenser is presented. This analysis is used to evaluate both local exergy efficiency of the system (along the condensation path) and for the entire condenser, i.e., overall exergy efficiency. The numerical results for an industrial condenser with a steam-air mixture and cooling water as working fluids indicate significant effects of temperature differences between the cooling water and the environment. Typical predicted cooling water and condensation temperature profiles are illustrated and compared with the corresponding local exergy efficiency profiles, which reveal a direct (inverse) influence of the coolant (condensation) temperature on the exergy efficiency. Further results provide verification of the newly developed exergy efficiency correlation with a set of experimental data. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th18><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Thermal Protection of a Ground Layer with Phase Change Materials </center></i><p> Conventional ground surface insulation can be used to protect power line foundations in permafrost regions from the adverse effects of seasonal freezing and thawing cycles. But previous studies have shown ineffective thermal protection against the receding permafrost with conventional insulation. In this paper, an alternative thermal protection method (phase change materials; PCMs) is analyzed and studied experimentally. Seasonal ground temperature variations are estimated by an analytical conduction model, with a sinusoidal ground surface temperature variation. A compensation function is introduced to predict temperature variations in the foundation, when the ground surface reaches a certain temperature profile. Measured data is acquired from an experimental test cell to simulate the tower foundation. With thermal energy storage in the PCM layer, the surface temperature of the soil was modified, leading to changes of temperature in the foundation. Measured temperature data shows that the PCM thermal barrier effectively reduces the temperature variation amplitude in the foundation, thereby alleviating the seasonal freezing and thawing cycles. Different thermal effects of the PCM thermal barrier were obtained under different air temperature conditions. These are analyzed via melting degree hours (MDH) and freezing degree hours (FDH), compared to a critical number of degree hours. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jnum8><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Assessment of Exergy Efficiency and Sustainability Index of an Air-Water Heat Pump </center></i><p> This study is undertaken to predict the second law performance of an air/water heat pump, which consists of two circuits: (1) refrigeration circuit with R-134a as the working fluid, and (2) heat distribution circuit, within which water is circulated. Through energy and exergy analyses, analytical expressions are derived for the Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Exergy Efficiency. It is shown that the COP of the system can be expressed in terms of the COP of the refrigeration circuit and enthalpies of the water circuits. The system is analyzed to predict how the mass flow rate of R-134a, condensation and evaporation temperatures influence the system performance at various operating conditions. The results indicate that a higher COP and ?exe may arise when increasing the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, increasing the evaporation temperature, or lowering the condensation temperature. Additional results are presented for the optimum performance of the system, in terms of maximum exergy efficiency, highest environmental sustainability and minimum impact of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th1><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification </center></i><p> For a given set of operating conditions, the hydrogen production from biomass gasification can be improved through optimization of the operating parameters and efficiencies. The present approach can predict hydrogen production via biomass gasification in a range of 10-32 kg/s from biomass (sawdust wood). The biomass is introduced to a gasifier at an operating temperature range of 1000-1500 K. Also, 4.5 kg/s of steam at 500 K is used as gasification medium. Results indicate that improvement in hydrogen production from biomass steam gasification depending on the amount of steam and quantity of biomass feeding to the gasifier as well the operating temperature. Over the range of feeding biomass, the hydrogen yield reaches 80-130 g H2/kg biomass while in the operating temperature examined, the hydrogen yield reaches 80 g H2/kg biomass. On mole basis it is found that, in the first range of H2 varies from 51 to 63% in the studied range of feeding biomass in existing 4.5 kg/s from steam while H2 gets to 51-53% in existing of 6.3 kg/s from steam. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th3><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Effects of Stator Vanes on Power Coefficients of a Zephyr Vertical Axis Wind Turbine </center></i><p> In this paper, numerical and experimental studies are performed to determine the operating performance and power output from a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). A k-epsilon turbulence model is used to perform the transient simulations. The 3-D numerical predictions are based on the time averaged Spalart-Allmaras equations. A case study is performed for varying VAWT stator vane (tab) geometries of a Zephyr vertical axis wind turbine. The mean velocity is used to predict the time averaged variations of the power coefficient and power output. Power coefficients predicted by the numerical models are compared for different turbine geometries. The predictive capabilities of the numerical model are verified by past experimental data, as well as wind tunnel experiments in the current paper to compare two particular geometric designs. The numerical results examine the turbine s performance at constant and variable rotor velocities. The effects of stator vanes on the turbine's power output are presented and discussed. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th4><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Thermophysical Properties of Copper Compounds in Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles </center></i><p> This paper examines the relevant thermophysical properties of compounds of copper that are used in thermochemical water splitting cycles. There are four variants of such Cu-Cl cycles that use heat and electricity to split the water molecule and produce H2 and O2. Since the energy input is mainly in the form of thermal energy, the Cu-Cl water splitting cycle appears to be much more efficient than water electrolysis, if the electricity generation efficiency for electrolysis is taken into account. Various chemicals are recycled within the plant, while the overall effect is splitting of the water molecule. The system includes several reactors, heat exchangers, a spray dryer, and an electrochemical cell. This paper identifies the available experimental data for properties of copper compounds relevant to the Cu-Cl cycle analysis and design (Cu2OCl2, CuO, CuCl2, CuCl). It also develops new regression formulas to correlate the properties, which include: specific heat, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, density, formation enthalpy and free energy. No past literature data is available for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of molten CuCl, so estimates are provided. The properties are evaluated at 1 bar and a range of temperatures from ambient to 675-1000K, which are consistent with the operating conditions of the cycle. Updated calculations of chemical exergies are provided as follows: 21.08, 6.268, 82.474, and 75.0 kJ/mol for Cu2OCl2, CuO, CuCl2 and CuCl, respectively. For molten CuCl, the estimated viscosity varies from 1.7 to 2.6mPa.s for the envisaged range of temperatures. A Riedel-like equation is proposed to correlate the vapor pressures with the temperature for molten CuCl. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th5><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties for Hydrochloric and Copper Compounds in a Hydrogen Production Process </center></i><p> In recent years ,thermodynamic theories based on statistical thermodynamics have been developed for predicting thermophysical properties. Fluids with chain bonding and association have also received much attention. The interest in these fluids is due to the fact that they cover much wider ranges of real fluids than spherical ones. A predictive theory for these fluids will be very beneficial for chemical engineering applications, by reducing the number of parameters, and making them more physically meaningful and more predictable. In this paper, an analytical model based on statistical thermodynamics and chain theory for pure components is developed for H2, CuCl and HCl in the fluid region. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th6><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Comparison of Sulfur-Iodine and Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Cycles </center></i><p> Copper-chlorine thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production are very promising water splitting cycles. In this paper, different types of copper-chlorine cycles with various numbers of steps are compared. The factors that determine the number and effective grouping of steps are analyzed. It is found that the water requirement in the hydrolysis step is affected by a combination of drying and hydrolysis steps. It is also found that hydrogen can be produced either from electrolysis of cuprous chloride, or from chlorination of copper by hydrogen chloride, which indicates a potential combination of disproportionation and chlorination steps. The major engineering advantages and disadvantages of these cycle variations with different amounts of steps will be analyzed and discussed. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th7><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Multiphase Transport Processes of Droplet Impact and Ice Accretion on Surfaces </center></i><p> In this paper, transport phenomena are examined for multiphase heat transfer with incoming supercooled droplets and icing of heated curved surfaces. The processes of rime ice, transition and combined rime/glaze ice conditions are investigated. Heat conduction equations in the ice and unfrozen water layers are solved simultaneously with the mass balance. Energy input from the heated boundary (due to electrical heat generation) affects the growth of the glaze film thickness and associated liquid runback along the ice surface. Validation of the predictive model is carried out through comparisons with experimental data involving ice buildup on heated, non-rotating circular conductors. Close agreement is achieved between the predicted ice growth and the measured data. Physical effects of cable radius, surface heating rate and surface curvature are presented. The heat transfer model approaches the dry growth limit, based on mass conservation alone, under appropriate thermal conditions when the surface heating rate is diminished sufficiently. By examining all of the relevant physical processes leading to ice accretion on the surface, a single formulation is developed to cover the entire range of rime, transition and combined rime/glaze ice conditions, including the simultaneous growth of unfrozen water and ice layers. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th8><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Upgrading of Waste Heat for Combined Power and Hydrogen Production with Nuclear Reactors </center></i><p> This paper presents a new heat upgrading method that utilizes waste heat from nuclear reactors for thermochemical water splitting with a copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle. Through combined power, hydrogen and oxygen generation, the exergy efficiency of a power plant can be significantly augmented. The heat rejected to the environment for moderator cooling, a relatively small amount of low pressure superheated steam and a small fraction of generated power are extracted from the nuclear reactor and used to drive a Cu-Cl hydrogen plant. More specifically, the moderator heat transfer at 80 C is used as a source to a newly proposed vapor compression heat pump with a cascaded cycle, operating with retrograde fluids of cyclohexane (bottoming cycle) and biphenyl (topping supercritical cycle). Additionally, the heat pump uses as input the heat recovered from within the Cu-Cl cycle itself. This heat is recovered at two levels: 80 - 130 C and 250 - 485 C. This heat input is upgraded up to 600 C by work-to-heat conversion and then used to supply the endothermic water splitting process. The extracted steam is fed into the Cu-Cl cycle and split into hydrogen and oxygen as overall products. Electricity is partly used for an electrochemical process within the Cu-Cl cycle, and also partly for the heat pump compressors. This paper analyses the performance of the proposed heat pump and reports the exergy efficiency of the overall system. The proposed system is about 4% more efficient than generating electricity alone from the nuclear reactor. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th9><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Kinetic Study of the Copper / Hydrochloric Acid Reaction for Hydrogen Production </center></i><p> The exothermic reaction of hydrochloric acid with particulate copper occurs during hydrogen production step in the thermochemical copper-chlorine water splitting cycle. In this paper, this chemical reaction is modeled kinetically, and a parametric study is performed to determine the influences of particle size, temperature and molar ratios on the hydrogen conversion aspects. It is obtained that the residence time of copper particles varies between 10 and 100 s, depending on the operating conditions. The hydrogen conversion at equilibrium varies between 55% and 85%, depending on the reaction temperature. The heat flux at the particle surface, caused by the exothermic enthalpy of reaction, reaches over 3,000 W/m2 when the particle shrinks to 0.1% from its initial size. The estimated Biot number varies from 0.001 to 0.1, depending on the operating conditions and the accuracy of thermophysical data of the substances. A numerical algorithm is developed to solve the moving boundary Stefan problem with chemical reaction that models the shrinking of copper particle in the hypothesis that chemical reaction and heat transfer are decoupled. The model allows for the estimation of the temperature of a copper particle, assumed spherical, in the radial direction on the hypothesis of large Biot numbers. For small Biot numbers, the transient heat transfer equation results in a lumped capacitance model. In all cases, the particle decomposes in about 10-20s. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th10><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Solid Particle Decomposition and Hydrolysis Reaction Kinetics in Cu-Cl Thermochemical Hydrogen Production </center></i><p> This paper examines cupric chloride solid conversion during hydrolysis in the thermochemical copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle of hydrogen production. The hydrolysis reaction is a challenging step, due to the excess steam requirement and decomposition of cupric chloride (CuCl2) into cuprous chloride (CuCl) and chlorine (Cl2). In this paper, the hydrolysis and decomposition reactions are analyzed with respect to chemical equilibrium conversion and the reaction kinetics. The effects of operating parameters are examined, including the temperature, pressure and excess steam, on equilibrium conversion. It is shown that the reaction kinetics expression that represents a reversible reaction reflects the equilibrium limitation on the solid conversion, rather than first order kinetics. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th13><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Power Correlation for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines with Varying Geometries </center></i><p> In this paper, a new predictive model that can forecast the performance a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is presented. The new model includes four primary variables, as well as five geometrical variables. These variables are reduced to include the power coefficient (Cp) and tip speed ratio (TSR). A power coefficient correlation for a novel VAWT is developed, particularly a Zephyr Vertical axis Wind Turbine (ZVWT). The turbine is an adaptation of the Savonius design. The new correlation can predict the turbine's performance for altered stator geometry and varying operating conditions. Numerical simulations with a rotating reference frame are used to predict the operating performance for various turbine geometries. The case study includes 16 different geometries for three different wind directions. The resulting 48 data points provide detailed insight into the turbine performance to develop a general correlation. The model was able to predict the power coefficient with changes in TSR, rotor length, stator spacing and stator angle, to within 4.4% of the numerical prediction. Furthermore, the power coefficient was predicted with changes in rotor length, stator spacing and stator angle, to within 3.0% of the numerical simulations. This correlation provides a useful new design tool for improving the ZVWT in the specific conditions and operating requirements specific to this type of wind turbine. Also, the new model can be extended to other conditions that include different VAWT designs. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th15><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Rotor Dynamics Correlation for Maximum Power and Transient Control of Wind Turbines </center></i><p> In this paper, a new rotor dynamics model is developed for transient power output from a horizontal axis wind turbine. In addition to the standard maximum kinetic energy of the wind, the model incorporates rotor velocity and rotational acceleration to enhance the control techniques that convert mechanical to electrical energy via shaft rotation. With current methods, the wind kinetic energy is generally the primary parameter that establishes maximum power output. By relating this wind energy to the rotor dynamics, electrical systems can have a more useful upper bound for the rotor control strategy. The new model predicts the rotor velocity for various turbine configurations, operating over a range of wind conditions. The predicted results show that the same power output is obtained as the standard kinetic energy approach, but with significant additional opportunity to better control the rotor dynamics. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th17><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Diffusion of Gaseous Products through a Particle Surface Layer in a Fluidized Bed Reactor </center></i><p> This paper examines a solid conversion process during hydrolysis and decomposition of cupric chloride in a thermochemical copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle of hydrogen production. Reaction rate constants and the time required for complete solid conversion are determined by a shrinking core model. Diffusion of gaseous reactant occurs through a film surrounding the particle, after which the reactant penetrates and diffuses through a layer of ash to the surface of the unreacted core. The shrinking core model for spherical particles predicts the reaction of gaseous reactant with solid at the particle surface, and diffusion of gaseous products through the ash, back to the exterior surface of the solid. The hydrolysis reaction is also analyzed with respect to chemical equilibrium conversion and required heat input. Effects of varying operating parameters are examined, including the temperature, pressure, excess steam and inert gas. At a temperature of 375 C, complete conversion of CuCl2 can be achieved by controlling the excess steam, operating pressure and inert gas supply. The addition of inert gas may also reduce the heat required for excess solid feed at low pressure operation. These new results have valuable utility for equipment scale-up in the thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle of hydrogen production. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jnum1><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Exergy Analysis of a Combined Fuel Cell and Gas Turbine Power Plant with Intercooling and Reheating </center></i><p> This paper presents a comparative exergy study of the performance of various gas turbine power generation plants against a high temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The thermodynamic performance of a conventional recuperative gas turbine (GT) power plant, combined with a SOFC, is examined. Individual models are developed for each component, specifically the SOFC, for which the exergy destruction and efficiency of each component are derived and presented. Furthermore, the overall system is analyzed and its exergy efficiency and exergy destruction are obtained. The results of an assessment of the cycle for certain operating conditions are compared against past data available in the literature. The comparisons provide useful verification of the thermodynamic simulations in the present work. Also, by extending the thermodynamic analysis, the performance of four different layouts is compared for (1) a conventional GT cycle, (2) integrated gas turbine plant with a SOFC, (3) a GT-SOFC with an intercooler (IC), and (4) a GT-SOFC-IC with a reheat SOFC. The results of the comparisons are presented in terms of thermal and exergy efficiencies, net power and exergy destruction rate, versus the compression ratio and turbine inlet temperature. It is shown that integrating a conventional GT plant with a SOFC would almost double the efficiency of the cycle. Furthermore, in contrast to a conventional GT plant where an intercooler yields a considerable system efficiency, the performance of the hybrid cycle does not show a significant improvement by adding an intercooler. The superior advantage of utilizing the reheat SOFC is further examined for other power cycles. The results indicate that the optimal efficiency of the GT-SOFC-IC with reheat SOFC occurs at a higher compression ratio. However, when designing the hybrid system, this issue would be limited by the capital costs of compressors and other equipment that becomes more expensive at higher compression ratios. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=thchi><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Convective Heat Transfer Optimization of Automotive Brake Discs </center></i><p> Under intensive braking, such as continuous down-hill braking, high temperatures could be generated in automotive brake disks. The heat dissipation and thermal performance of vented brake discs strongly depends on the aerodynamic characteristics of the air flow through the rotor passages and the geometry configurations of brake discs. In this paper, commercial software GAMBIT is used for geometrical modeling and automatic mesh generating for brake rotors. Then, a computational fluid dynamic package, FLUENT, is employed to simulate the turbulent motions of air flow through the vented discs. Through the numerical simulations, the design criteria regarding the heat transfer rate and air flow rate of the discs are predicted. To optimize the 2-D and 3-D geometrical configurations of the brake discs, commercial software iSIGHT is used to integrate the geometrical modeling with GAMBIT and numerical simulations based on CFD software FLUENT. With the design of experiment studies implemented through this integrated design synthesis process, the thermal performance of brake rotors is greatly improved by optimizing disc outer and inner radii, vane numbers, vane angles, and the radius of vane curvature. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th2><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> New Cu-Cl Thermochemical Cycle for Hydrogen Production with Reduced Excess Steam Requirements </center></i><p> The Cu-Cl (copper-chlorine) thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production are leading examples of water splitting methods. In this paper, the heat requirements of different types of Cu-Cl cycles with various numbers of steps are analyzed and their thermal design features are discussed in terms of water requirements, heat quantity and heat grade. A challenge arises from the excess steam quantity requirement in the hydrolysis of CuCl2. To address this challenge, a new type of Cu-Cl cycle is proposed in this paper. It is found that the steam requirement can decrease by up to ten times, compared to conventional Cu-Cl cycles, and the heat grade of the hydrolysis step in the new cycle is significantly lowered from 375 C to 150 C. The engineering challenges of the new cycle are also discussed in the paper. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th11><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Imaging Velocimetry Measurements for Entropy Production in a Rotational Magnetic Stirring Tank and Parallel Channel Flow </center></i><p> An experimental design is presented for an optical method of measuring spatial variations of flow irreversibilities in laminar viscous fluid motion. Pulsed laser measurements of fluid velocity with PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) are post-processed to determine the local flow irreversibilities. The experimental technique yields whole-field measurements of instantaneous entropy production with a non-intrusive, optical method. Unlike point-wise methods that give measured velocities at single points in space, the PIV method is used to measure spatial velocity gradients over the entire problem domain. When combined with local temperatures and thermal irreversibilities, these velocity gradients can be used to find local losses of energy availability and exergy destruction. This article focuses on the frictional portion of entropy production, which leads to irreversible dissipation of mechanical energy to internal energy through friction. Such effects are significant in various technological applications, ranging from power turbines to internal duct flows and turbomachinery. Specific problems of a rotational stirring tank and channel flow are examined in this paper. By tracking the local flow irreversibilities, designers can focus on problem areas of highest entropy production to make local component modifications, thereby improving the overall energy efficiency of the system. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th12><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Equilibrium Conversion in Cu-Cl Cycle Multiphase Processes of Hydrogen Production </center></i><p> This paper performs a thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of individual steps within the copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) thermochemical cycle of hydrogen production. The cycle has a maximum temperature of 550 C and it involves four reaction steps - producing hydrogen, copper, hydrogen chloride and oxygen - and a cupric chloride drying step. In this paper, the chemical reaction steps of the cycle are analyzed to determine the effects of process variables on chemical equilibrium conversion. It is found that the hydrogen production reaction can occur as a two phase gas-solid system, rather than three phases. The optimal conditions for hydrogen production occur at a temperature below 400 C, at atmospheric pressure. The study also found that the ideal condition to minimize excess steam, and completely consume any chlorine formed during the reaction, is a temperature of 400 C, at atmospheric pressure. The operating conditions for complete consumption of chlorine were identified by the equilibrium partial pressure of chlorine formed, during decomposition of cupric chloride solid (CuCl2), and the equilibrium partial pressure of chlorine from the reverse chlorine consumption reaction. Furthermore, the ideal condition for the copper-oxychloride decomposition reaction is a temperature around 500 C, atmospheric pressure, which minimizes cuprous chloride (CuCl) vaporization. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th14><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Performance Evaluation of Organic and Titanium Based Working Fluids for High Temperature Heat Pumps </center></i><p> In this paper, selected organic and titanium based fluids (biphenyl, biphenylmethane, naphthalene, isoquinoline, titanium-tetrabromide and titanium-tetraiodide) are assessed thermodynamically as potential working fluids for high temperature mechanical heat pumps. Various applications, such as thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production, chemical processes comprising endothermic reactions, steam generators and metallurgical processes, can benefit from such heat pumps as ``green'' sources of high temperature heat. The environmental benefit occurs from avoiding fossil fuel heating and therefore reducing carbon dioxide and other pollutant emissions. Through heat pumps, a low-grade heat source from nuclear reactors, industrial waste, geothermal, etc. can by upgraded to high temperatures through a work-to-heat conversion. The work itself can originate from any source of renewable energy (wind, hydro, biomass, solar, etc.). In this paper, available thermo-physical parameters of the selected fluids are presented and appropriate equations of state are constructed to allow a heat pump thermodynamic analysis. Among these working fluids, only biphenyl, naphthalene, titanium-tetrabromide and titanium-tetraiodide have promising potential. For these fluids, a further parametric study is conducted to investigate the COP for a range of relevant operating conditions, in terms of temperature and pressure. The range of COP values is large, ranging from 1.9 to 7.3, depending on the fluid and temperature levels; the highest COP is obtained with TiIr4. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=th16><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Fluid Flow in Long Rectangular Minichannels and Microchannels </center></i><p> This article applies methods of statistical thermodynamics to analysis of fluid transport in minichannels and microchannels. The hydrodynamic equations are linearized and the governing equation of gas motion is reduced to the Stokes equation. The reduced mass flow through the microchannel is expressed in terms of the molecular mass, Boltzmann constant and rarefaction parameter. A key variable in estimating pressure differences within the microchannel is the apparent viscosity and thermal conductivity. In this regard, kinetic theory is applied with a Lenard-Jones potential to derive formulations of the microfluidic viscosity and thermal conductivity. The Chung-Lee-Starling model is applied to calculate viscosity and thermal conductivity. Numerical results are presented for property variations in fully developed flow through a long rectangular microchannel. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jnum2><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Blade Configuration Effects on Flow Distribution and Power Output of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine </center></i><p> Numerical simulations with FLUENT software were conducted to investigate the fluid flow through a novel vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). Simulation of flow through the turbine rotor was performed with the aim of predicting the performance characteristics of the device. Different blade configurations were examined. A multiple reference frame (MRF) model capability of FLUENT was used to express the dimensionless form of power output of the wind turbine as a function of the wind free stream velocity and the rotor rotational speed. A sliding mesh capability model was used to examine the transient effects arising from flow interaction between the stationary components and the rotating blades. Simulation results yielded good agreement with theoretical data. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jnum3><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Comparison of Different Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Cycles for Hydrogen Production </center></i><p> Copper-chlorine thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production are very promising water splitting cycles. In this paper, different types of copper-chlorine cycles with various numbers of steps are compared. The factors that determine the number and effective grouping of steps are analyzed. It is found that the water requirement in the hydrolysis step is affected by a combination of drying and hydrolysis steps. It is also found that hydrogen can be produced either from electrolysis of cuprous chloride, or from chlorination of copper by hydrogen chloride, which indicates a potential combination of disproportionation and chlorination steps. The major engineering advantages and disadvantages of these cycle variations with different amounts of steps will be analyzed and discussed. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jnum4><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Fluid-Particle Mass Transport of Cupric Chloride Hydrolysis in a Fluidized Bed </center></i><p> This paper examines the mass transport phenomena of the hydrolysis reaction involving cupric chloride particles and superheated steam in a fluidized bed, as a part of copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle for nuclear-based hydrogen production. The Gomez-Barea method was extended and utilized for the purpose of this study. A uniform reaction model (Volumetric Model; VM) and Shrinking Core Model (SCM) were used for limiting cases of the conversion processes. Using the solution procedures developed for each case, the effects of different parameters (such as the superficial gas velocity, bed inventory, and process temperature) were investigated in terms of the conversion of CuCl2 particles and steam. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jnum5><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Recent Canadian Advances in Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production and the Thermochemical Cu-Cl Cycle </center></i><p> This paper presents recent Canadian advances in nuclear-based production of hydrogen by electrolysis and the thermochemical copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle. This includes individual process and reactor developments within the Cu-Cl cycle, thermochemical properties, advanced materials, controls, safety, reliability, economic analysis of electrolysis at off-peak hours, and integrating hydrogen plants with Canada's nuclear power plants. These enabling technologies are being developed by a Canadian consortium, as part of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) for hydrogen production from the next generation of nuclear reactors. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jnum6><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Optimization of Heat Exchangers for Geothermal District Heating </center></i><p> This paper analyzes the optimal configuration and operating parameters of a heat exchanger in a geothermal district heating system. An optimization algorithm is presented for the non-linear constrained problem to maximize the annual net profit for a system of counter-flow heat exchangers. Several parameters that affect the net profit are examined, including the mass flow rates of working fluids and heat transfer area, which both directly affect the outgoing temperatures. The performance of the heat exchanger and fuel savings by reducing fuel consumption to generate heat are modeled within the problem formulation. Also, power input to the pump for fluid circulation is included. By formulating these multiple parameters over a wide range of design conditions, the algorithm presents a useful new design tool for the improvement of heat exchanger networks in geothermal systems. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jnum7><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Performance Evaluation of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells for Portable Applications </center></i><p> This study examines the feasibility of powering portable devices with a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The analysis includes a comparison between a Li-ion battery and DMFC to supply the power for a laptop, camcorder and a cell phone. A parametric study on the systems for an operational period of 4 years is performed. Under the assumptions made for both the Li-ion battery and DMFC system, the battery cost is lower than the DMFC during the first year of operation. However, by the end of 4 years of operational time, the DMFC system would cost less. The weight and cost comparisons show that the fuel cell system occupies less space than the battery to store a higher amount of energy. The weight of both systems is almost identical. Finally, the CO2 emissions can be decreased by a higher exergetic efficiency of the DMFC, which leads to improved sustainability. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jnum9><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Utilizing Hydrogen Energy to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Canada's Residential Sector </center></i><p> An analysis of the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the residential sector by using hydrogen energy is reported. The residential sectors in provinces across Canada are considered. Greenhouse gas emissions are determined from the consumption of fossil fuels associated with the energy requirements in the residential sector. The use of hydrogen technologies in the residential sector is compared to conventional systems. The results are determined to vary by province, with the greatest attainable annual reductions in greenhouse gas emissions observed for heating to be in Alberta (7.2 tCO2) and for power generation to be in Saskatchewan (7.2 tCO2). The results suggest that hydrogen technologies for heating and power generation are promising options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Canada and its provinces. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jnum10><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Heat Conduction with Seasonal Freezing and Thawing near a Tower Foundation </center></i><p> In this paper, seasonal freezing and thawing of an active layer near a power transmission tower foundation are investigated experimentally with a metal rod buried in an enclosure filled with soil. The measured soil temperatures are used to examine thermal effects of the tower footing and snow cover on seasonal freezing and thawing cycles. It was found that the metal tower has significant thermal effects on the local region around the tower footing. This increases the thaw depth of the active layer and lengthens the freezing/thawing cycle, which adversely affects the foundation stability and safety. These results provide useful new insight of practical utility in the design and maintenance of power transmission line foundations and other infrastructure in northern regions. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=mokry08><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Thermal-Design Options for Pressure Tube SCWRs with Thermochemical Co-generation of Hydrogen </center></i><p> Currently there are a number of Generation IV SuperCritical Water-cooled nuclear Reactor (SCWR) concepts under development worldwide. The main objectives for developing and utilizing SCWRs are: 1) To increase gross thermal efficiency of current Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) from 33 - 35% to approximately 45 - 50%, and 2) To decrease the capital and operational costs and, in doing so, decrease electrical-energy costs (~$1000 US/kW or even less). SCW NPPs will have much higher operating parameters compared to current NPPs (i.e., pressures of about 25 MPa and outlet temperatures up to 625 C). Additionally, SCWRs will have a simplified flow circuit in which steam generators, steam dryers, steam separators, etc. will be eliminated. Furthermore, SCWRs operating at higher temperatures can facilitate an economical co-generation of hydrogen through thermo-chemical cycles (particularly, the copper-chlorine cycle) or direct high-temperature electrolysis. To decrease significantly the development costs of a SCW NPP and to increase its reliability, it should be determined whether SCW NPPs can be designed with a steam-cycle arrangement that closely matches that of mature SuperCritical (SC) fossil power plants (including their SC turbine technology). The state-of-the-art SC steam cycles in fossil power plants are designed with a single-steam reheat and regenerative feedwater heating and reach thermal steam-cycle efficiencies up to 54% (i.e., net plant efficiencies of up to 43% on a Higher Heating Value Basis). It would be beneficial if SCWRs could involve a regenerative feedwater heating and nuclear steam reheat to be able to adapt the current SC turbine technology and to achieve similar high thermal efficiencies as the advanced fossil steam cycles. The nuclear steam reheat is easier to implement inside pressure-tube or pressure-channel reactors compared to pressure-vessel reactors. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) and Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering (RDIPE or NIKIET in Russian abbreviations) are currently developing concepts of the pressure-tube SCWRs. Therefore, no-reheat, single-reheat, and double-reheat cycles of future SCW NPPs were analyzed in terms of their thermal efficiencies. On this basis, several conceptual steam-cycle arrangements of pressure-tube SCWRs, their corresponding T-s diagrams and steam-cycle thermal efficiencies are presented in this paper together with major parameters of the copper-chlorine cycle for the co-generation of hydrogen. Also, bulk-fluid temperature and thermophysical properties profiles were calculated for a non-uniform cosine Axial Heat-Flux Distribution (AHFD) along a generic SCWR fuel channel, for reference purposes. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=noj1><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assessment of Hydrogen and Kerosene Fueled Aircraft Propulsion </center></i><p> The paper highlights the importance of hydrogen as a promising alternative for future aircraft fuel because of the reduced environmental impact, increased sustainability, high energy content and favorable combustion kinetics, since the rapid growth and dependence of aircraft propulsion on fossil fuels is unsustainable. This paper compares the environmental impact of hydrogen and kerosene-fueled aircraft, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and other emission comparisons. Sample flights from Toronto to Montreal, and Calgary and London are examined. Emissions from a conventional aircraft are estimated and compared with the LH2 (liquid hydrogen) aircraft. The environmental benefits and drawbacks of these systems are presented from safety and storage perspectives. Radiative forcing factors that compare conventional aircraft and LH2 aircraft are included. It is shown that the amount of NOx, HC and CO emissions for the trips with conventional aircraft for Calgary are 171.4, 41.9 and 32.2 kg, while Montreal is 56.17, 2.43 and 21.9 kg, and London is 251.7, 5.1 and 39.2 kg, respectively. These results are compared against hydrogen propulsion to show the promising capabilities of hydrogen as an aircraft fuel. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nglwz><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Recent Advances in Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production with a Thermochemical Copper-Chlorine Cycle </center></i><p> This paper presents a review of recent advances in nuclear-based hydrogen production with a thermochemical copper-chlorine cycle. Growing attention has focused on thermochemical water decomposition as a promising alternative to steam-methane reforming for a sustainable future method of large-scale hydrogen production. Recent advances of specific processes within the Cu-Cl cycle will be presented, particularly for purposes of calculating the overall heat requirements of the cycle, preferred configurations of the oxygen cell, disposal of molten salt, electrochemical process of copper electrowinning and safety/reliability assessment of the systems. An energy balance for each individual process is formulated and results are presented for heat requirements of the processes. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jpap3><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Seasonal Heat Transfer and Ground Thermal Response in a Power Transmission Tower Foundation </center></i><p> Seasonal heat transfer in a power transmission tower foundation is analyzed to study the ground thermal response to the tower. A Variable Heating Strength (VHS) model is used to predict the transient ground thermal response and an experiment test cell is designed to measure the seasonal ground temperature variation. Results show that the tower footing introduces additional temperature increases in the summer and temperature decreases in the winter. This response varies seasonally and also varies in different positions in the ground. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=dwk><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Performance Study of a Mode-Pursuing Sampling Method </center></i><p> Since the publication of our recently developed mode-pursing sampling (MPS) method, questions have been asked on its performance as compared with traditional global optimization methods such as genetic algorithm (GA), and when to use MPS as opposed to GA. This work aims to provide an answer to these questions. Similarities and distinctions between MPS and GA are presented. Then MPS and GA are compared via testing with benchmark functions and practical engineering design problems. These problems can be categorized from different perspectives such as dimensionality, continuous / discrete variables, or the amount of computational time for evaluating the objective function. It is found that both MPS and GA demonstrate great effectiveness in identifying the global optimum. In general, MPS needs much less function evaluations and iterations than GA, which makes MPS suitable for expensive functions. But GA is more efficient than MPS for inexpensive functions. In addition, MPS is limited by the computer memory when the total number of sample points reaches a certain extent. This work serves a purpose of positioning the new MPS in the context of direct optimization and provides guidelines for users of MPS. It is also anticipated that the similarities in concepts, distinctions in philosophy and methodology, and effectiveness as direct search methods for both MPS and GA will inspire the development of new direct optimization methods. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=fowler1><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Synergistic Roles of Off-peak Electrolysis and Thermochemical Production of Hydrogen from Nuclear Energy in Canada </center></i><p> Hydrogen as a clean energy carrier is frequently identified as a major solution to the environmental problem of greenhouse gases, resulting from worldwide dependence on fossil fuels. However, most of the world's hydrogen (about 96%) is currently produced from fossil fuels, which does not address the issue of greenhouse gases. Although there is a large motivation of the ''hydrogen economy'', for improvement of urban air quality, energy security, and integration of intermittent renewable energy sources, CO2 free energy sources are critical to hydrogen becoming a significant energy carrier. Two technologies, applied in tandem, have a promising potential to generate hydrogen without leading to greenhouse gas emissions: 1) electrolysis and 2) thermochemical decomposition of water. This paper will investigate their unique complementary roles to reduce costs of hydrogen production. Together they have a unique potential to serve both de-centralized hydrogen needs in periods of low-demand electricity, and centralized base-load production from a nuclear station. Thermochemical methods have a significantly higher thermal efficiency, but electrolysis can take advantage of low electricity prices during off-peak hours, as well as intermittent and de-centralized supplies like wind, solar or tidal power. By effectively linking these systems, water-based production of hydrogen can become more competitive against the predominant existing technology, SMR (steam-methane reforming). <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=wng><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Multiphase Reactor Scale-up for Cu-Cl Thermochemical Hydrogen Production </center></i><p> This paper examines key design issues associated with reactor scale-up in the thermochemical copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle of hydrogen production. The thermochemical cycle decomposes water into oxygen and hydrogen, through intermediate copper and chlorine compounds. In this paper, emphasis is focused on the hydrogen, oxygen and hydrolysis reactors. A sedimentation cell for copper separation and HCl gas absorption tower are discussed for the thermochemical hydrogen reactor. A molten salt reactor is investigated for decomposition of an intermediate compound, copper oxychloride (CuOCl2), into oxygen gas and molten cupric chloride. Scale-up design issues are examined for handling three phases within the molten salt reactor, i.e., solid copper oxychloride particles, liquid (melting salt) and exiting gas (oxygen). Also, different variations of hydrolysis reactions are compared, including 5, 3 and 2-step Cu-Cl cycles that utilize reactive spray drying, instead of separate drying and hydrolysis processes. The spray drying involves evaporation of moisture from an atomized feed by mixing the spray and drying streams. Results are presented for the required capacities of feed materials for the multiphase reactors, steam and heat requirements, and other key design parameters for reactor scale-up to a pilot-scale capacity. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=n2ndlaw><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Second Law Viability of Upgrading Industrial Waste Heat for Thermochemical Hydrogen Production </center></i><p> A thermodynamic analysis is presented to upgrade ''waste heat'' with chemical heat pumps for hydrogen production by thermochemical water decomposition. Low-grade waste heat refers to low-temperature heat that typically has limited or no utility in practical applications. In this paper, low-grade thermal energy is upgraded by releasing heat at successively higher temperatures in exothermic reactors of salt/ammonia and MgO/vapor chemical heat pumps. If waste heat is partly recovered to produce electricity by a heat engine, then this electricity can be used to drive compressors that pressurize vapor in the chemical heat pumps and supply heat for high-temperature processes in a copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle of hydrogen production. A Second Law analysis of the system is examined and results for the coefficient of performance (COP) are presented for the heat pumps. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=hdn2><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of a Combined Gas Turbine Power System with a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell </center></i><p> This paper examines the exergetic performance of a high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) combined with a conventional recuperative gas turbine (GT) plant. Individual models are developed for each component, specifically for SOFC and combustor that is located downstream of the cell stack. The exergy destruction and efficiency of each component are derived and presented. Furthermore, the overall system is analyzed and its exergy efficiency, as well as exergy destruction, is computed. An assessment of the cycle is performed for an actual system and the results for certain operating conditions are compared with the published results. The comparisons provide useful verification of the thermal simulations in the present work. Further outcomes indicate that increasing the turbine inlet temperature results in decreasing the exergy and thermal efficiencies of the cycle, whereas it improves the total specific power output. Also, an increase in either the inlet temperature or compression ratio (rp) leads to a higher rate of exergy destruction of the plant. A comparison between the GT-SOFC plant with a traditional GT cycle, based on identical operating conditions, is also made. The superior performance of a GT-SOFC, in terms of thermal and exergy efficiencies, over a traditional GT cycle is evident: 26.6% and 27.8% better exergetic and energetic performance, respectively, than a traditional GT plant. In this case, the exergy and thermal efficiencies of the integrated cycle become as high as 57.9% and 60.5%, respectively, at the optimum compression ratio. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=chi08><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Design Optimization of Vehicle Suspensions with a Quarter-Vehicle Model </center></i><p> This paper presents a comparative study of three optimization algorithms, namely Genetic Algorithms (GSs), Pattern Search and Sequential Quadratic Program (SQP), for the design optimization of vehicle suspensions based on a quarter-vehicle model. In the optimization, the three design criteria are the vertical vehicle body acceleration quality, suspension working space, and dynamic tire load. To implement the design optimization, five parameters, i.e., sprung mass, un-sprung mass, suspension spring stiffness, suspension damper coefficient and tire stiffness, are selected as the design variables. The comparative study shows that the global search algorithm (GA) and the direct search algorithm (Pattern Search) are more reliable than the gradient based local search algorithm (SQP). The numerical simulation results indicate that the three design criteria are significantly improved through optimizing the newly selected design variables. </center></i><p> <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jun08a><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Hydrodynamic Gas-Solid Model of Cupric Chloride Particles Reacting with Superheated Steam for Thermochemical Hydrogen Production </center></i><p> This paper examines the transport phenomena of a non-catalytic reaction of cupric chloride particles with superheated steam in a fluidized bed, as part of a copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) thermochemical cycle for nuclear-based hydrogen production. As both cupric chloride and steam participate in the chemical reaction, it is necessary to develop a new model that predicts the conversion of cupric chloride particles, as well as steam. This incorporates features of a uniform reaction model (Volumetric Model; VM) and a Shrinking Core Model (SCM). Due to little or no experimental data available for the hydrodynamics and chemistry of the reaction, the above two limiting cases are combined appropriately, depending on the flow conditions. Separate numerical solution procedures are developed to monitor the effects of various parameters on the conversion of CuCl2 particles and steam. Also, the new solution algorithms are used to predict outputs for a typical bench-scale reactor and operating conditions. From the numerical results, under the assumption of VM or SCM, the conversion of steam decreases with superficial velocity, whereas the conversion of solid particles increases. Also, a higher bed inventory leads to higher conversion of both reactants. SCM predicts higher values for the reactant conversions, compared to VM. The new solution procedures may be utilized for parametric studies that observe the effects of different process parameters on the fluidized bed performance. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jun08b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Non-equilibrium Statistical Mechanics Formulation of Thermal Transport Properties for Binary and Ternary Mixtures </center></i><p> The paper develops a new statistical formulation to calculate the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, binary diffusion coefficient, thermal diffusion factor and viscosity of gas mixtures with non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. For the analytical calculation of transport properties, the models of Kihara and Chapman-Cowling (up to the third order) are used. Thermal transport properties for mixtures involving carbon monoxide, helium, argon, xenon and krypton are computed with the new formulation in this paper. New mixing rules for the calculation of transport properties for mixtures are developed. Close agreement is obtained between the analytical results (based on statistical mechanics) and experimental data. The results exhibit comparable or better accuracy than previous methods, while providing new insight regarding the detailed statistical mechanisms of intermolecular interactions, as they contribute to the transport property variations with temperature. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jun08c><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Thermochemical Hydrogen Production with a Copper-Chlorine Cycle, I: Oxygen Release from Copper Oxychloride Decomposition </center></i><p> A key challenge facing the future hydrogen economy is a sustainable, lower-cost method of hydrogen production, with reduced dependence on fossil fuels. Thermochemical water splitting with a copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle is a promising alternative that could be linked with nuclear reactors to thermally decompose water into oxygen and hydrogen, through intermediate copper and chlorine compounds. Heat is transferred between various endothermic and exothermic reactors in the Cu-Cl cycle, through heat exchangers that supply or recover heat from individual processes. This paper examines the heat requirements of these steps, in efforts to recover as much heat as possible and minimize the net heat supply to the cycle, thereby improving its overall efficiency. Also, this paper examines the thermal design of the oxygen production reactor, which is a key process to split water by decomposing an intermediate compound, copper oxychloride (Cu2OCl2), into oxygen gas and molten cuprous chloride. The equipment design is analyzed to scale up past work in small proof-of-principle test tubes, up to larger capacities of oxygen production with engineering lab-scale equipment. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jun08d><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Thermochemical Hydrogen Production with a Copper-Chlorine Cycle, II: Flashing and Drying of Aqueous Cupric Chloride </center></i><p> This paper examines the evaporative drying of aqueous cupric chloride (CuCl2) droplets in the copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) thermochemical cycle of hydrogen production. An aqueous CuCl2 stream exiting from an electrochemical cell is preheated to 150 C, before entering a flash evaporator to produce solid CuCl2(s). New innovations of heat recovery aim to develop alternatives that reduce costs and improve efficiency of the evaporation process for CuCl2 particle production. The liquid phase flashes due to a sudden pressure drop. Analytical solutions are developed for the cupric chloride spraying and drying processes, including empirical correlations for heat and mass transfer, based on a single droplet of aqueous CuCl2 solution. The study shows that considerable drying can be accomplished through differentials of humidity alone. It also shows that benefits of flashing the solution to enhance drying are relatively minor, compared to the rate of evaporative drying in the spray drying process. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jun08e><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Cost Analysis of a Thermochemical Cu-Cl Pilot Plant for Nuclear-Based Hydrogen Production </center></i><p> This paper presents an economic analysis of a Cu-Cl pilot plant with an associated parametric study. The analysis takes into account the different types of cost components such as the energy costs, operation, maintenance, fixed charges on capital investment, etc. The cost items with their percentage ranges and factors that affect accuracy and scaling are examined. Through this scaling method, the total capital investment and total cost of a Cu-Cl pilot plant are estimated by scaling down the corresponding costs from a commercial S-I plant. Using a six-tenths-factor rule (scaling method) with a capacity factor of 0.6, the fixed capital investment and product cost of a Cu-Cl pilot plant are estimated at about US$27.5M and US$4.6M for a plant capacity of 5 tons of hydrogen per day. The fixed capital investment and total product cost correspond to the operating and maintenance costs of the plant, respectively. The sensitivity studies show that the costs vary significantly with the assumed pilot plant capacity, percentages of cost components, and the capacity factor. The parametric studies with variable plant capacities, approximations, and capacity factors are performed and results will be illustrated in this paper. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jun08f><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Thermodynamic Models of a Gas Turbine Cycle Combined with a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell </center></i><p> The present paper examines the performance of a high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell combined with a conventional recuperative gas turbine (GT-SOFC) plant, as well as the irreversibility within the system. Individual models are developed for each component, through applications of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The overall system performance is then analyzed by employing individual models and further applying thermodynamic laws for the entire cycle, to evaluate the thermal efficiency and entropy production of the plant. An assessment of the cycle is performed for the system described by Tse et al. [29] and the results for various operating conditions are compared against those predicted by Tse et al. [29]. The comparisons provide useful validation of the thermal simulations in the present work. Further outcomes indicate that increasing the turbine inlet temperature results in decreasing the thermal efficiency of the cycle, whereas it improves the total specific power output. Moreover, an increase in either the turbine inlet temperature or compression ratio leads to a higher rate of entropy generation within the plant. It was found that the combustor and SOFC contribute predominantly to the total irreversibility of the system. About 60 percent of the irreversibility takes place in the following components at typical operating conditions: 31.4% in the combustor and 27.9% in the SOFC. A comparison between the GT-SOFC plant and a traditional GT cycle, based on identical operating conditions, is also made. Although the irreversibility of a modern plant is higher than that of a conventional cycle, the superior performance of a GT-SOFC, in terms of thermal efficiency and environmental impact (lower CO2 emissions), over a traditional GT cycle is evident. It has about 27.8% higher efficiency than a traditional GT plant. In this case, the thermal efficiency of the integrated cycle becomes as high as 60.6% at the optimum compression ratio. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=duangr><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Ground Heat Transfer from a Varying Line Source with Seasonal Temperature Fluctuations </center></i><p> In this paper, transient heat conduction between a line heat source and semi-infinite medium (representing a foundation of a power transmission tower and surrounding ground) is analyzed numerically and experimentally. The tower foundation is represented by a metal rod buried in a semi-infinite medium. Using an experimental test cell with a data acquisition system, heat transfer and temperature measurements within the domain are collected. The experimental studies are first applied to unidirectional heat conduction, wherein the analytical solutions are compared against measured temperature responses. Then two transient heat transfer cases are studied: one case with a steady heat input provided by an electrical heater; and another with sinusoidal temperature variations achieved by temperature-controlled fluid in a heat exchanger. The analysis shows that a metal tower footing has significant thermal effects on the temperature response of the local half-space around the footing in the foundation. This thermal effect varies with time, as well as spatially at different positions around the tower footing. In particular, measured results from the case of sinusoidal temperature variations shows that the tower footing introduces additional temperature increases in the ''summer'' periods and a temperature decrease in the ''winter'' periods. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=haselinew><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Thermal Effectiveness Correlation for a Shell and Tube Condenser with Noncondensing Gas </center></i><p> This paper analyzes the local effectiveness of a baffled horizontal shell and one-path tube condenser along the condensation path, including leakage of air as a non-condensing gas. Condensation of steam occurs in the shell side and cooling water flows through the tubes. A new formulation is developed for the maximum heat transfer rate between two streams in the heat exchanger, when one stream undergoes a condensation process. The effects of air mass flow rate, upstream cooling water and steam-air mixture temperatures, steam flow rate and cooling water flow rate on the effectiveness along the exchanger are numerically investigated. The results lead to a new correlation for the thermal effectiveness as a function of upstream cooling water temperature, air mass flow rate, heat capacitance ratio and dimensionless temperature, defined as the ratio of the cooling water temperature gradient to the difference between the condensation and inlet cooling water temperatures. Furthermore, an analytical expression is derived for the exergy efficiency of the system, which shows how irreversibilites characterized by the entropy generation number and environment temperature affect the second law efficiency. Typical results of this expression are compared with results from past numerical work. Close agreement between these comparisons provide useful validation of the current model. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jun08h><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Effects of Brake Disc Geometrical Parameters and Configurations on Automotive Braking Thermal Performance </center></i><p> This paper examines the effects of geometrical parameters of pillar post rotors on the thermal performance of automotive vehicle brakes. The thermal performance of vented disc brakes strongly depends on the aerodynamic characteristics of the air flow through the rotor passages. These air flow passages are determined by the geometrical parameters of the brake rotors. In this study, different pillar post rotor models are considered and the corresponding numerical simulations are performed, in order to investigate the effects of various geometrical parameters on the thermal performance. These geometrical parameters include the shape, size, and distribution of a pillar post. The new insight from these parametric studies provides useful guidelines to optimize the geometry of pillar post rotors of automotive vehicles. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=wangconv><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Convective Heat Transfer from a NACA Airfoil at Varying Angles of Attack </center></i><p> Airfoil icing in aircraft and wind turbine applications has adverse impact on aerodynamic performance, controllability and system efficiency. Detailed understanding of convective heat transfer from airfoils is critical in the development of effective de-icing methods. In this paper, experimental correlations of heat transfer at different angles of attack of a NACA 63-421 airfoil are developed. Various angles of attack (AOA) between 0 to 25 degrees are investigated at different Reynolds numbers. The experimental data is correlated with respect to the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers, through a modified Hilpert correlation with an angular dependence on AOA. Conduction within the airfoil is balanced against heat transfer by convection from the airfoil surface in steady-state conditions. Both average and spatial variations of the heat transfer coefficients are non-dimensionalized, through modifications of a Hilpert correlation for cylinders in cross-flow. It is shown that the functional form of the Hilpert equation can effectively correlate the measured data for the NACA airfoil over a range of Reynolds numbers and AOAs. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=haselicomp><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Comparative Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation of Hydrogen Passenger Trains </center></i><p> This paper examines a comparative assessment in terms of CO2 emissions from a hydrogen passenger train in Ontario, Canada, particularly comparing four specific propulsion technologies: (1) conventional diesel internal combustion engine (ICE), (2) electrified train, (3) hydrogen ICE, and (4) hydrogen PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) train. For the electrified train, greenhouse gases from electricity generation by natural gas and coal-burning power plants are taken into consideration. Several hydrogen production methods are also considered in this analysis, i.e., (1) steam methane reforming (SMR), (2) thermochemical copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle supplied partly by waste heat from a nuclear plant, (3) renewable energies (solar and wind power) and (4) a combined renewable energy and copper-chlorine cycle. The results show that a PEMFC power train fuelled by hydrogen produced from combined wind energy and a copper-chlorine plant is the most environmentally friendly method, with CO2 emissions of about 9% of a conventional diesel train or electrified train that uses a coal-burning power plant to generate electricity. Hydrogen produced with a thermochemical cycle is a promising alternative to further reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. By replacing a conventional diesel train with hydrogen ICE or PEMFC trains fuelled by Cu-Cl based-hydrogen, the annual CO2 emissions are reduced by 2,260 and 3318 tonnes, respectively. A comparison with different types of automobile commuting scenarios to carry an equivalent number of people as a train is also conducted. On an average basis, only an electric car using renewable energy-based electricity that carries more than three people may be competitive with hydrogen trains. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=wang10><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Boundary Search and Simplex Decomposition Method for MDO Problems with a Convex or Star-like State Parameter Region </center></i><p> One major challenge in Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) is the presence of couplings among state parameters, which demands an iterative and often expensive System Analysis (SA) process for each function evalation in optimization. This paper proposes a novel method for MDO problems from a new perspective. The proposed method, named the Boundary Search and Simplex Decomposition Method (BSSDM), geometrically depicts the relation among coupled state parameters with a feasible state parameter region. Given the feasible state parameter region, the System Analysis can be avoided during the optimization of the system objective function. Geometrically, the feasible state parameter region can be classified into a convex region or a non-convex region. To achieve the feasible state parameter region, a boundary search strategy named the Explosion Strategy is developed to search for boundary points. In the boundary search process, a Collaboration Model (CM) is applied to maintain the feasibility of samples subject to the SA. Given the boundary points, a robust simplex decomposition algorithm for convex regions is applied. A decomposition algorithm for convex-like regions is also developed. The BSSDM is tested by solving two numerical cases, one of which is an MDO problem with a convex state parameter region and the other of which is a SA problem with a convex-like state parameter. All results are then validated and they show the promising capability of the proposed BSSDM. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=duan1><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Ground Thermal Response to Heat Conduction in a Power Transmission Tower Foundation </center></i><p> An analytical formulation is developed to predict transient heat conduction in a semi-infinite medium with a vertical finite line heat source, which represents a buried tower of a power transmission line foundation. Unlike past studies with a constant line heat source, the current model develops a time-dependent variable heating strength, as well as a time varying surface temperature of the ground. An approximate VHS model (variable heating strength) is developed for sinusoidal variations of the line source strength and surface temperature, in order to simulate seasonal variations of ground temperatures. The VHS model reduces computational time and exhibits good accuracy, when compared against a full exact solution. The model is applied to heat conduction in a tower foundation, with time-varying ground surface temperatures. Effects of ground thermal conductivity and diffusivity, as well as variations of the line source strength, are investigated in this article. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=wangmulti><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Multiphase Nusselt Correlation for Impinging Droplet Heat Flux from a NACA Airfoil </center></i><p> A new non-dimensional correlation of convective heat transfer with impinging droplets on a NACA airfoil at varying angles of attack is presented in this paper. An experimental study is performed to develop correlations of heat transfer from a NACA 63-421 airfoil at different angles of attack (AOA) between 0 to 25 degrees and different Reynolds numbers with impinging droplets. A modified Hilpert correlation of convective droplet heat transfer from the NACA airfoil at varying AOA is determined with respect to the Reynolds number, Prandtl number, liquid water content and AOA. The modified Hilpert correlation includes the effects of droplet-air interactions on the effective heat transfer coefficient at varying AOA. Increasing the AOA leads to flow separation and reattachment on the airfoil surface, which affect the structure of the thermal boundary layer and energy exchange, through kinetic energy of impinging droplets and film flow along the surface. The results show that both average and local Nusselt numbers vary with AOA. This paper indicates that variations of the air velocity, liquid water content and AOA can be normalized into a modified Hilpert correlation, by using empirical coefficients that involve the chord dimensions, AOA and non-dimensional liquid water content. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jpap1><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Entropy Generation of Vapor Condensation in the Presence of a Non-Condensable Gas in a Shell and Tube Condenser </center></i><p> This article investigates the entropy production of condensation of a vapor in the presence of a non-condensable gas in a counter-current baffled shell and one-pass tube condenser. The non-dimensional entropy number is derived with respect to heat exchange between the bulk fluid and condensate, as well as heat exchange between the condensate and coolant. Numerical results show that heat transfer from the condensate to the coolant has a dominant role in generating entropy. For example, at an air mass flow rate of 330 kg/h, 93.4 percent of total entropy generation is due to this source. The resultant profiles during the condensation process indicate that a higher air mass flow rate leads to a lower rate of entropy production. For example, as the air mass flow rate increases from 330 kg/h to 660 kg/h and 990 kg/h, the total entropy generation decreases from 976 J/sK to 904 and 857.2 J/sK, respectively. By introducing a new parameter called the condensation effectiveness, a correlation is also developed for predictions of the entropy number, and an illustrative example is presented. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijge08><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Unified Approach to Exergy Efficiency, Environmental Impact and Sustainable Development for Standard Thermodynamic Cycles </center></i><p> The exergy efficiency of three standard thermodynamic cycles, i.e., Brayton, Rankine and Otto cycles, are developed and the corresponding analytical equations are derived accordingly. The resultant expressions are applied to typical operating conditions and the numerical results are obtained, when the heat of each engine is supplied by natural gas as a fuel with 100 percent theoretical air. A common result is the significant effect of the maximum cycle temperature, which causes an increase of exergy efficiency. It is shown that the compression ratio of the Brayton and Otto cycles, as well as the turbine inlet pressure in a steam power plant, raise the exergy efficiency. Moreover, increasing the ambient temperature has a negative influence on the exergy efficiency in the Brayton and Otto cycles, which occurs due to ambient air fed to these systems, thereby decreasing the deviation of the system from ambient conditions and reducing the exergy efficiency. Further findings include an optimal performance point of the Brayton and Rankine cycle, with a high sustainability and exergy efficiency. For instance, at the optimal operating point of the Brayton cycle with a compression ratio of 8 (or 12 for a second case), the exergy efficiency is 73 (60) percent, CO2 emissions are 530 (590) g/kWh and the sustainability index is 3.8 (2.8). The optimal operating point for an example of a Rankine cycle is found to be 50 percent for the exergy efficiency, 440g/kWh of emitted CO2 and a sustainability index of 2. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jpap2><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Transition Criteria for Entropy Reduction for Convective Heat Transfer from Micropatterned Surfaces </center></i><p> This paper develops an entropy transition number for characterizing irreversibilities of external flow past micro-patterned surfaces with controlled surface roughness. It is shown that embedded surface microchannels can reduce flow irreversibilities below a classical boundary layer limit, due to drag reduction of slip-flow conditions within the microchannels. A surface irreversibility ratio establishes the proportion of entropy production of slip-flow relative to no-slip conditions. Then an entropy transition number is defined to characterize flow regimes where the ratio decreases below unity, thereby indicating conditions where surface micro-patterning has an overall beneficial impact on energy conversion efficiency. Results are presented for various micro-patterned surfaces. The newly defined surface irreversibility and entropy transition numbers are shown to provide useful new parameters to characterize the boundary layer irreversibilities of convective heat transfer. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jpap4><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Optimum Temperatures in a Shell and Tube Condenser with Respect to Exergy </center></i><p> This paper focuses on evaluation of the optimum cooling water temperature in condensation of saturated water vapor within a shell-and-tube condenser, through minimization of exergy destruction. First, the relevant exergy destruction is mathematically derived and expressed as a function of operating temperatures and mass flow rates of both vapor and coolant. The optimization problem is defined subject to condensation of the entire vapor mass flow and it is solved based on the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method. The optimization results are obtained at two different condensation temperatures of 46 C and 54 C for an industrial condenser. As the upstream steam mass flow rates increases, the optimal inlet cooling water temperature and exergy efficiency decrease, whereas exergy destruction increases. However, the results are higher for optimum values at a condensation temperature of 54 , compared to those when the condensation temperature is 46 C. For example, when the steam mass flow rate is 1 kg/s and the condensation temperature increases from 46 C to 54 C, the optimal upstream coolant temperature increases from 16.78 C to 25.17 C. Also, assuming an ambient temperature of 15 C, the exergy destruction decreases from 172.5 kW to 164.6 kW. A linear dependence of exergy efficiency on dimensionless temperature is described in terms of the ratio of the temperature difference between the inlet cooling water and the environment, to the temperature difference between condensation and environment temperatures. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jpap6><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Exergy Analysis of Condensation of a Binary Mixture with one Non-Condensable Component in a Shell and Tube Condenser </center></i><p> The exergy (second law) efficiency is formulated for a condensation process in a shell and one-path tube exchanger for a fixed control volume. The exergy (second law) efficiency is expressed as a function of the inlet and outlet temperatures and mass flow rates of the streams. This analysis is utilized to assess the trend of local exergy efficiency along the condensation path and evaluate its value for the entire condenser, i.e., overall exergy efficiency. The numerical results for an industrial condenser, with a steam-air mixture and cooling water as working fluids, indicate that the efficiency is significantly affected by the inlet cooling water and environment temperatures. Further investigation shows that other performance parameters, such as the upstream mixture temperature, air mass flow rate and ratio of cooling water mass flow rate to upstream steam mass flow rate, do not have considerable effects on the efficiency. The investigations involve a dimensionless ratio of the temperature difference of the cooling water and environment, to the temperature difference of condensation and the environment. Numerical results for various operational conditions enable us to accurately correlate both the local and overall exergy efficiency, as linear functions of dimensionless temperature. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jpap5><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Entropy Based Surface Microprofiling for Passive Near-Wall Flow Control </center></i><p> In this article, embedded surface microchannels with varying geometrical profiles are developed and applied to drag reduction and near-wall flow control along a helicopter cooling bay surface. Local slip-flow conditions and a temperature discontinuity are encountered within the microchannels along the flat surface. Diverging sections of each microchannel affect both the near-wall pressure and velocity distributions, thereby influencing the boundary layer separation and entropy production. This impact of surface microchannels is characterized with respect to the exergy losses, namely the entropy production of friction and thermal irreversibilities. The total entropy production is expressed in terms of the microchannel base and exit angles, depth and other geometrical parameters that characterize the micro-profiled surface. Numerical results are presented for the optimized geometrical configuration of the microchannel profiles. Applications of the micro-profiling technique will be presented for near-wall flow control along a cooling bay surface of a helicopter engine. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jpap7><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Interfacial Thermocapillary Pressure of an Accelerated Droplet in Microchannels: I. Fluid Flow Formulation </center></i><p> Fluid flow and thermocapillary heat transfer near a droplet/air interface in microchannels is studied analytically and numerically in this set of two companion papers. Thermocapillary forces generate a pressure difference across the droplet, which drives two symmetric re-circulation cells in the upper and lower half-portions of the droplet. The numerical formulation uses a sliding grid for the accelerating droplet, as well as an expanding/contracting grid in the gas region and an adaptive grid in the substrate below the closed-end microchannel. In contrast to past studies with a uniform interfacial pressure, this paper accommodates a varying interfacial pressure along the receding edge of the droplet. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jpap8><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Interfacial Thermocapillary Pressure of an Accelerated Droplet in Microchannels: II. Heat Transfer Formulation </center></i><p> In this companion paper of a two-paper set of thermocapillary pumping studies, a heat transfer formulation is developed with thermal convection in the microchannel and heat conduction in the substrate. Unlike past studies based on a uniform pressure along the droplet/air interface, this article incorporates a more realistic interfacial pressure/velocity coupling to better predict temperature variations along the moving boundary. This improves predictions of thermocapillary forces at the interface, which drive the droplet motion within the microchannel. Close agreement between approximate and numerical predictions of droplet temperature and displacement provide useful validation of the models. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=adeyinka2><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Measured Turbulent Entropy Production with Large Eddy Particle Image Velocimetry </center></i><p> In this paper, statistical post-processing of measured velocity, dissipation rate and turbulence data is performed to establish whole-field distributions of entropy production within a channel. Thermal irreversibilities arising from temperature variations were not included in the study, as the experiments were conducted between unheated plexiglass plates in an essentially isothermal water tunnel. Unlike velocity or temperature, the measurement of entropy cannot be performed directly, so entropy production is measured indirectly through spatial differencing of measured velocities in large eddy PIV. Unlike single-point methods of anemometry, large eddy PIV enables whole-field, time-varying measurements of the velocity field, which can be post-processed to yield entire spatial variations of the entropy production rate. An uncertainty analysis is performed to estimate measurement uncertainties with the new experimental technique. The uncertainties are decomposed into systematic and random components, including a propagated uncertainty, due to spatial differencing of the velocity field. Close comparisons between measured results of turbulence dissipation and direct numerical simulations provide useful verification of the formulation, before post-processed results of dissipation rates are used to determine entropy production within a channel. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=wang3><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Extended Collaboration Pursuing Method for Solving Larger Multidisciplinary Design Optimizatino Problems </center></i><p> The Collaboration Pursuing Method (CPM) is a sampling-based Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) method, which does not rely on sensitivity analysis. It was found that the CPM is constrained by the effectiveness of sampling in a design space, when solving relatively large-scale MDO problems. Three new modules, i.e., discrete sampling, new initialization process, and Active Design Variable Control, are developed in this work to extend CPM's capability in dealing with relatively large-scale MDO problems. Using the CPM with the new modules, called Extended Collaboration Pursuing Method (ECPM), a conceptual aircraft design problem involving structures, aerodynamics, and propulsion is successfully solved. The ECPM is a promising new MDO method to solve relatively large-scale MDO problems with better accuracy and comparable efficiency, when compared with other MDO methods. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ogedengbe4><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Finite Volume Computations of Convective Exergy Losses in Microfludic Devices </center></i><p> Exergy losses affect the net power required to transport fluid through microfludic devices. Unlike pressure losses or friction factors, modeling of exergy losses can encompass all types of irreversibilities within a microsystem, including thermofluid, chemical and electromagnetic irreversibilities. In this article, a finite volume method with a SIMPLEC formulation is developed to predict exergy losses in microchannels. The continuum Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically with a slip-flow boundary condition. The implications of the two coefficients on exergy destruction, involved with the first-order boundary model, are investigated. Predicted results are shown for gas flows through microchannels at varying pressure ratios, Reynolds numbers and slip coefficients. It is shown that a lower gas temperature yields a higher exchange of internal energy between the wall and gas layer, thereby raising the effective velocity slip at the wall. The numerical model provides a useful predictive tool that enables design modifications to reduce exergy losses and raise operating efficiency of micro-devices. By reducing exergy destruction within the microchannel, pressure losses and fluid friction can be minimized to reduce power input and improve overall energy efficiency. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=wang5><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Experimental Correlation of Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a NACA Airfoil </center></i><p> The results of an experimental investigation of the heat transfer coefficients for forced convection from a NACA-63421 airfoil are presented. Wind tunnel measurements of convection coefficients are obtained for air flow temperatures from -30 C to 20 C. The experimental data is correlated with respect to the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers. Conduction within the airfoil balances heat transfer by convection from the airfoil surface in steady-state conditions. Both average and spatial variations of the heat transfer coefficients are non-dimensionalized through modifications of a classical Hilpert correlation for cylinders in crossflow. It is shown that the functional form of the Hilpert correlation can effectively accommodate measured data for the NACA airfoil over a range of Reynolds numbers. An uncertainty analysis is performed which results in a 7.34% measurement uncertainty for experimental data correlated with the Nusselt number. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=duan6><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Transient Heat Conduction from a Vertical Rod Buried in a Semi-Infinite Medium with Variable Heating Strength </center></i><p> In this paper, a Variable Heating Strength model (VHS model) is developed to predict transient heat conduction from a vertical rod buried in a semi-infinite medium. Unlike past studies, the current VHS model permits a variable heating strength along the rod. Both axial heat conduction through the rod and lateral heat conduction to the surrounding ground are modeled. A derived distribution of axial heating strength is then applied to a finite line heat source model to predict transient temperature changes in the surrounding medium. The predicted results show how the rod's radius and ground's thermal conductivity affect the vertical variation of heating strength and temperature response. Additional simulations predict the long-term temperature increase in the ground, due to a power transmission tower installed in a region of initially frozen ground. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ogedengbe7><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Convective Exergy Losses of Developing Slip Flow in Microchannels </center></i><p> A numerical formulation of convective exergy losses in microchannels is developed. Using a new convection model (called NISUS; Non-Inverted Skew Upwind Scheme), the predicted velocity field is post-processed to determine frictional irreversibilities within the microchannel. The new mass-weighted procedure for convective upwinding is used to predict spatial variations of entropy production in the microfluidic slip-flow regime. Boundary conditions are established from a first-order slip velocity, based on streamwise temperature gradients and transverse velocity gradients at the wall. Parametric studies are conducted for varying flow rates, channel aspect ratios, slip coefficients and pressure ratios across the microchannel. The predicted exergy destruction results provide useful new data, from which design modifications can be made to reduce power input when transporting fluid through a microchannel. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=wang8><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Convective Droplet Impact and Heat Transfer from a NACA Airfoil </center></i><p> This paper develops a new non-dimensional correlation of convective heat transfer with impinging droplets on a NACA airfoil. Both average and local Nusselt numbers are determined, in terms of the Reynolds number, Prandtl number and liquid water content of the droplet flow field. A new multiphase Reynolds parameter is developed to normalize the experimental data, along a curve fit to measured data over a range of flow conditions. In this way, a modified Hilpert correlation can be extended to include effects of droplet-air interactions on the effective heat transfer coefficient. Droplet impact on the airfoil surface affects the structure of the thermal boundary layer, as well as energy exchange through kinetic energy of impinging droplets and a thin flowing film along the surface. Using the empirical correlation with a multiphase Reynolds parameter, this current paper demonstrates that effects of varying both air velocity and liquid water content can be normalized into a single modified Hilpert correlation. Results are presented at varying Reynolds numbers and applications to icing problems are discussed. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=glockner9><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Recent Advances in Nano-electromechanical and Microfluidic Power Generation </center></i><p> Recent advances in nano-electromechanical systems and novel microfluidic devices to generate electricity are reviewed in this article. The primary driving mechanisms of each system are studied. Recent innovations include a nano-engine, which operates by transferring atoms between two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube. Another recent development includes a microchannel battery that produces electricity through the interaction of flowing water and the surfaces of many microchannels. The chemical reaction at the boundary between the water and microchannel surface leaves the walls negatively charged, thereby attracting positive ions from the fluid to harness an electrical current. Other recent advances in micro heat engine fabrication are described in this article. Detailed focus is given to recent developments in micro heat engines, driven by thermocapillary forces. Thermocapillary pumping (TCP) of a discrete droplet in a microchannel converts heat input to droplet motion, then flexing of a piezoelectric membrane to generate electricity. The cyclic droplet motion expands and compresses the surrounding gas chambers in a closed-end microchannel. This paper reviews these and other recent advances in power generation for nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS) and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ogedengbe11><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Convective Flux Dependence on Upstream Flow Directionality in Finite Volume Computations </center></i><p> This paper investigates upstream interpolation of convection modeling in SIMPLEC finite volume and hybrid finite volume/element formulations of incompressible flow and heat transfer. A mass weighted interpolation of convection variables is developed and compared against conventional upwind schemes, with respect to solution convergence and accuracy. A newly developed method called NISUS (Non-Inverted Skew Upwind Scheme) includes flow directionality of multiple upstream control volumes in the convection modeling. The performance of the new methodology is studied for natural convection in a tilted cavity with Rayleigh numbers between Ra = 10^3 and Ra = 10^6. Numerical results are also studied for radial heat flow in a rotating hollow sphere with varying Peclet numbers in the range of 0.01 < Pe < 104. Mass weighting with flow directionality of convective upwinding to multiple upstream cells is shown to have beneficial impact on solution accuracy, CPU run-time and convergence. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=wang12><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Collaboration Pursuing Method for Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Problems </center></i><p> Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) problems are dominated by couplings among subsystems formulated from different disciplines. Effective and efficient collaboration between subsystems is always desirable when solving MDO problems. This work proposes a new sampling-based methodology, named the Collaboration Pursuing Method (CPM), for MDO problems. In the CPM, a new collaboration model, reflecting both physical and mathematical characteristics of couplings in MDO problems, is formulated to guide the search of feasible design solutions. The interdisciplinary consistency among coupled state parameters in MDO problems is reflected and maintained by the collaboration model. An adaptive sampling strategy is also developed to speed up the search of local optimal solutions. The new method is implemented using MATLAB 6.0 and successfully applied to four test problems including an engineering design application. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=naterer13><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Microfluidic Friction and Thermal Energy Exchange in an Non-Polarized Electromagnetic Field </center></i><p> This article investigates how electromagnetic forces affect fluid friction and thermal energy exchange in microchannels. An externally applied electric field can be used to manipulate charge patterns along the walls of a microchannel, thereby controlling the speed and direction of liquid transport. In this article, uniform non-polarized electromagnetic forces are imparted across a thermal diffusion layer in a rectangular microchannel. Source terms are added to the axial momentum equation to predict spatial effects of varying electromagnetic forces on the near-wall velocity and temperature profiles. Fluid friction associated with electromagnetic forces along the wall is investigated based on these near-wall profiles. Also, convective energy exchange is studied with both viscous dissipation and Ohmic heating in the thermal energy equation. The analytical formulation of heat transfer considers boundary conditions of a constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux. Numerical results of fluid velocity, temperature and friction coefficient are presented and compared successfully against past data. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ogedengbe14><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Slip Flow Irreversibility of Dissipative Kinetic Energy and Internal Energy Exchange in Microchannels </center></i><p> The mechanisms of near-wall velocity slip and their effects on energy conversion of fluid motion in microchannels are investigated. Unlike large-scale channels with no-slip boundary conditions, this article predicts how streamwise temperature gradients and transverse velocity gradients contribute to velocity slip during intermolecular interactions near a microchannel wall. A numerical formulation is developed with a mass-weighted convection scheme (called NISUS; Non-Inverted Skew Upwind Scheme) in a SIMPLEC finite volume method. The new convection scheme provides accurate upstream interpolation of convection variables, including robust pressure/velocity coupling near the slip-flow boundary. Numerical predictions of entropy production characterize the near-wall dissipation of kinetic energy. Effects of varying pressure ratios, accommodation coefficients, flow rates and channel aspect ratios are presented for nitrogen gas flows between Re = 0.001 and 0.003. This article gives new insight regarding dissipative kinetic and internal energy exchange in microchannels, due to slip-flow behavior. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=naterer15><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Transient Response of Two-Phase Heat Exchanger with Varying Convection Coefficients </center></i><p> Transient changes of fluid and wall temperatures in a two-phase heat exchanger are investigated in this article, particularly with respect to spatial and temporal effects of varying convection coefficients. The coupled energy equations for both sides of the heat exchanger are solved directly with an integral method. Varying convection coefficients are related to changes of vapor fraction between the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger. Unlike past numerical studies encountering difficulties with instability, stiffness and lack of convergence, the current integral formulation provides a reliable alternative and efficient procedure for transient response within the heat exchanger. Furthermore, complex inversion from a transformed domain is not needed, in contrast to conventional methods with Laplace transforms. In this article, past integral methods are extended to cases with varying convection coefficients, arising from changes of phase fraction on the two-phase side of the heat exchanger, as well a multiple step-changes of temperature. The predicted results show close agreement with past data, including numerical simulations with a dynamic simulator. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=lui16><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Upper Entropy Bounds for Transient Forced Convection </center></i><p> This article develops upper bounds for total entropy associated with convective heat transfer and transient fluid motion in an enclosure. Entropy production includes both friction and thermal irreversibilities due to fluid mixing in the enclosure. An integral formulation of entropy transport is developed in terms of the temperature excess (difference between the point-wise and spatially averaged temperatures). The thermal irreversibility of entropy production is written in terms of the squared temperature excess. In this way, an upper entropy bound can be derived with respect to geometrical parameters and initial temperatures. Furthermore, this entropy bound is minimized by re-formulating the minimization problem in terms of a standard form of eigenvalue problem. Several example problems are considered and a spectral method is used to solve the governing energy equation. Theoretical predictions are compared successfully against numerical simulations for cases involving both Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=glockner17><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Surface Tension and Frictional Resistance of Thermocapillary Pumping in a Closed Microchannel </center></i><p> This article investigates heat transfer and microfluidic forces on an enclosed droplet with thermocapillary pumping in a closed-ended microchannel. Both numerical and theoretical formulations are developed to predict droplet motion. Heat transfer through a silicon substrate to the droplet interface generates a thermocapillary force at the receding edge of the droplet. This thermocapillary force increases rapidly during a heating period, but decreases after the droplet moves past a thermal bridge. A new pressure / velocity coupling is developed for the moving droplet / air interface. Close agreement between theoretical and predicted results of droplet displacement provides useful validation of the new formulations. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=naterer18><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Fuel Cell Entropy Production with Ohmic Heating and Diffusive Polarization </center></i><p> In this article, entropy production of ohmic heating and concentration polarization are investigated for two types of fuel cells (PEMFC and SOFC). Ohmic entropy production arises from resistance to electron flow through the electrodes, as well as ion flow through the electrolyte. Ohm's law is applied to both ion and electron flows, when formulating the entropy production. Also, entropy production arises from changes in concentration of the reactants, during fuel consumption at the electrode surfaces. Unlike past methods developed for a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), this article formulates entropy production within electrodes of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Predicted results of cell irreversibilities are successfully validated against measured data. The entropy based method provides a useful alternative to past schemes aiming to reduce voltage losses with polarization curves, as entropy production is directly governed by the Second Law and it encompasses both electrochemical and thermofluid irreversibilities within a fuel cell. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=naterer19><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Entropy Based Design of Fuel Cells </center></i><p> This article aims to develop an entropy-based method of systematically improving efficiency of fuel cells. Entropy production of both electrochemical and thermofluid irreversibilities is formulated based on the Second Law. Ohmic, concentration and activation irreversibilities occur within the electrodes, while thermal and friction irreversibilities occur within the fuel channel. These irreversibilities reduce the overall cell efficiency by generating voltage losses. Unlike past studies, this article considers fuel channel irreversibilities within the total entropy production, for both solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Predicted results of entropy production are shown at varying operating temperatures, surface resistances and channel configurations. Numerical predictions are compared successfully against past measured data of voltage profiles, thereby providing useful validation of the entropy based formulation. The Second Law stipulates the maximum theoretical capability of energy conversion within the fuel cell. Unlike past methods characterizing voltage losses through overpotential or polarization curves, the entropy based method provides a useful alternative and systematic procedure for reducing voltage losses. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=naterer20><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> New Laser Based Method for Non-Intrusive Measurement of Available Energy Loss and Local Entropy Production </center></i><p> This paper outlines a new experimental technique for measuring the instantaneous entropy production using a non-intrusive, laser based approach. Unlike point-wise methods which yield measured velocities at single points in space, the method of PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) is used to derive the spatial velocity gradients over the entire problem domain. When combined with local temperatures and thermal irreversibilities, these velocity gradients can be used to determine the energy availability loss due to exergy destruction. This article focuses on frictional effects, which lead to irreversible degradation of mechanical energy into internal energy through viscous dissipation. Frictional effects are significant in various devices, ranging from power turbines, internal flow systems and other turbomachinery. In addition to measured data for validation of predictive models, such data can be used by designers to characterize and improve the energy efficiency of engineering devices. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=naterer21><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Fuel Cell Exergy Losses of Activation Energy and Cathode Polarization </center></i><p> This article investigates thermochemical irreversibilities of activation energy and concentration polarization in fuel cells. The predictive formulation uses the Butler-Volmer equation for the activation overpotential and it includes both Knudsen and self diffusion for the concentration polarization. Entropy production of activation energy occurs due to a portion of cell voltage lost in driving the chemical reaction to transfer electrons to / from the electrode. In this article, exergy losses associated with these activation and concentration irreversibilities are formulated based on the Second Law. Unlike past studies of entropy production in solid oxide fuel cells, this article extends past methods to half-cell reactions and thermochemical irreversiblities in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Voltage losses are derived based on entropy production within the fuel cell, in contrast to past methods involving polarization curves. The entropy based method provides a useful alternative to past conventional methods, as it encompasses both electrochemical irreversibilities (such as electrode polarization) and thermofluid irreversibilities (such as fuel channel friction). <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=glockner22><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Numerical Simulation of Electrokinetic Flow and Heat Transfer in Microchannels with a Finite Volume Method </center></i><p> In this article, electrokinetic flow in rectangular microchannels is studied numerically with a finite volume method. An externally applied electric field generates varying electromagnetic forces on the fluid, which can be manipulated to control heat exchange and fluid acceleration within the microchannel. Convective heat transfer is predicted on a staggered grid with a finite volume formulation. The electromagnetic force is modeled as a linearized source term in a segregated solution of the axial momentum equation. Predictions of fluid velocity are compared successfully against past data. Constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux cases are analyzed. The predicted results suggest that near-wall velocity and temperature gradients (constant wall temperature case) increase at larger Hartmann numbers, thereby leading to larger wall friction and convective heat transfer. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=naterer23><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Fuel Channel Friction and Thermal Irreversibilities in a Proton Membrane Exchange Fuel Cell </center></i><p> In this article, entropy production of gas friction and thermal irreversibilities in a rectangular channel of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is studied. Automotive PEM fuel cells transfer cell output voltage to system components (such as pumps and blowers), in order to overcome pressure losses induced by fuel channel irreversibilities. This article develops an approximate 2-D formulation of gas motion, convective heat transfer and entropy production in a fuel channel. Predicted results show that entropy production is minimized when the slip coefficient of the porous electrode interface is 0.5. Effects of varying channel height collapse onto a single curve with the same optimum, when entropy production is re-formulated in terms of an irreversibility distribution ratio. Predicted results are compared successfully against past data of channel flow profiles. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jmm05b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Thermocapillary Based Control of Microfluidic Transport with a Stationary Cyclic Heat Source </center></i><p> In this article, a new method of cyclic flow control with an external heat source is developed for thermocapillary pumping of a micro-droplet in a closed microchannel. Unlike past studies with a moving heat source at the receding edge of the droplet, this new technique involves a stationary cyclic heat source embedded within an adjoining silicon substrate. Thermocapillary pumping of the micro-droplet is examined numerically (finite volume method) and theoretically (slug-flow approximation). In contrast to past studies, this article considers the solution of the full Navier-Stokes and energy equations within the droplet. Additionally, temperature boundary conditions for a stationary heat source are applied at the interface between the substrate and its surroundings, rather than along the microchannel wall. The finite volume formulation is developed with a moving grid in the liquid phase and a sliding adaptive grid along the compressed air and substrate regions. Coupled pressure and velocity boundary conditions are applied along the droplet / air interface. Numerical predictions suggest that cyclic droplet displacement can be obtained with the stationary heat source. Close agreement between numerical and theoretical predictions has provided useful validation of the formulations. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nht05a><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Preconditioned Solver Performance with Compressed Banded Data Format in 3-D Convective Heat Transfer Simulations </center></i><p> A new data storage format called Compressed Banded Data (CBD) is developed for sparse banded matrices generated by hybrid finite element / volume methods in numerical heat transfer. The platform of the new CBD structure permits dynamic switching between various solvers, without any procedural change in the implementation of existing simulation software. The performance of different Krylov techniques, including GMRES(m) (Generalized Minimal RESidual), Bi-CGSTAB (Bi-Conjugate Gradient STABilized), Bi-CG (Bi-Conjugate Gradient), CG (Conjugate Gradient), and CGS (Conjugate Gradient Squared) with an ILU(0) preconditioner, are compared in three test problems. The performance of each preconditioned iterative solver is compared with a direct solver, particularly in terms of memory storage requirements. It is shown that the new CBD format provides useful benefits with respect to both reduction of storage requirements and CPU run-time. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jcis05a><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> On the Lagrangian / Eulerian Modeling of Dispersed Droplet Inertia: Interfacial Transition to Internal Circulation </center></i><p> This article addresses a limitation of Lagrangian methods for droplet tracking, when approaching the transition point of internal circulation within droplets. Laminar multiphase flow with dispersed droplets in a co-flowing airstream is considered. Analytical and numerical formulations of droplet motion are developed based on a Lagrangian finite difference method of droplet tracking. Cases of both high and low relative Reynolds numbers are formulated. The role of interfacial drag in cross-phase momentum exchange increases at higher relative Reynolds numbers. A new transition criterion is developed to characterize conditions leading to shear-driven non-uniformities of velocity within a droplet. This criterion entails a momentum Biot number, in analogy with the Biot number criterion for conjugate heat transfer problems involving conduction and convection. At sufficiently high momentum Biot numbers, appreciable changes of velocity within a droplet imply that Lagrangian methods become unsuitable and transition to Eulerian volume averaging is needed. Predicted results of Lagrangian modeling of droplet motion in a co-flowing airstream are presented and discussed. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijhmt05><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Microfluidic Exergy Loss in a Non-polarized Thermomagnetic Field </center></i><p> In this article, exergy losses of fluid motion in a microchannel are investigated. Thermal, friction and electromagnetic irreversibilities contribute to the total rate of exergy destruction. Additional input power from the externally applied electric field is needed to overcome these irreversibilities and deliver specified rates of mass and heat flow through the microchannel. Different cases of two-dimensional, steady-state heat transfer in a non-polarized electromagnetic field are considered. Predicted results of fluid velocity, exergy destruction and optimal Reynolds number are presented and compared successfully against past data and measurements involving exergy destruction. It is shown that exergy destruction increases with larger magnetic fields and wider microchannels. Furthermore, the optimal Reynolds number (minimizing the rate of exergy destruction) increases at lower microchannel aspect ratios. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nht05b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Adaptive Grid Formulation of Thermocapillary Convection in a Microfluidic Two-Phase Flow </center></i><p> In this article, a new adaptive grid formulation is developed for heat transfer predictions of thermocapillary droplet transport in a microchannel. Unlike past studies with open microchannels, this article applies a sliding grid in the liquid (droplet) with an adaptive deforming grid in the compressed and expanded gas (air) phases of a closed microchannel. Thermocapillary forces in the corners of the droplet lead to pressure changes and bulk motion of the droplet. The fluid momentum equations are solved with a staggered grid and adaptive mesh refinement at the liquid / gas interfaces. This refinement uses Bernstein polynomials and control points to adjust the grid spacing. Heat transfer through a thermal bridge within the substrate generates cyclic heating and cooling periods during the micro-droplet transport. Numerical simulations indicate that a re-circulating cell is observed within the lower half-domain of the microchannel. Close agreement between predicted (finite volume) and theoretical (slug-flow approximation) results provides useful validation of the formulation. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=mte05><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Surface Micro-Profiling for Reduced Energy Dissipation and Exergy Loss in Convective Heat Transfer </center></i><p> This article examines the role of no-slip conditions within surface embedded microchannels for reducing entropy production of external flows with convective heat transfer. Viscous dissipation of mechanical energy into internal energy within the boundary layer leads to pressure losses and other irreversible losses of energy availability. These exergy losses entail additional input power needed to deliver a fixed mass flow across the surface, subject to a specified rate of heat transfer to/from the wall. By selectively altering geometrical and surface parameters which minimize the net entropy production, the benefits of drag reduction due to the slip-flow conditions can outweigh the higher irreversibility arising from added microchannel area. Predicted results illustrate the changes of optimal Reynolds number and entropy generation number with varying surface parameters for embedded parallel and diverging microchannels. Based on these results, it is viewed that surface micro-profiling offers a useful new technique of taking advantage of no-slip microfluidic conditions, for reducing drag and simultaneously increasing heat transfer effectiveness in external flows. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijer04b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Entropy Based Metric for Component Level Energy Management: Application to Diffuser Performance </center></i><p> An entropy based approach for flow loss characterization with CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is presented. Unlike past methods of global loss characterization, this article outlines a new approach for predicting local losses of available energy. The local entropy generation provides information regarding the spatial distribution of mechanical energy loss, which can be used to systematically optimize thermofluid systems. An application representing subsonic flow through a diffuser is investigated. The main parameter under consideration is the desired inlet angle of inclination, which yields the minimum entropy generation at a specified Reynolds number and inlet flow condition. The numerical results indicate that the entropy based approach offers a new way of establishing the optimal diffuser configuration exhibiting minimal flow losses. By successfully predicting the local flow irreversibilities, re-design efforts can be more carefully focused on specific regions of highest entropy production. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijer04><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Reducing Energy Availability Losses by Open Parallel Microchannels Embedded within Optimally Configured Surfaces </center></i><p> This article describes a new technique of reducing exergy losses of external flow over surfaces, based on optimized microchannels embedded within the surface. The rate of entropy production and loss of available energy are formulated by am integral solution and modified Blasius profile of boundary layer flow. The number of channels, width and height of each channel and spacing between channels involves a careful compromise between added heat exchange due to surface area, together with reduced friction through slip conditions within each microchannel. Mixed Knudsen numbers across each microchannel require simultaneous modeling of both slip and no-slip conditions at the wall. Cross-stream momentum exchange between streamlines within adjacent microchannels is neglected under laminar, incompressible flow conditions. Results involving the minimal entropy production and optimized microchannel profiles (i.e., spacing, aspect ratio and number of microchannels) are presented and compared to other results available for macro-scale configurations. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=asmejht04><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Particle Image Velocimetry Based Measurement of Entropy Production with Free Convective Heat Transfer </center></i><p> Local entropy production rates are determined by a numerical and experimental study of natural convection in an enclosure. Numerical predictions are obtained from a control-volume-based finite element formulation of the conservation equations and the Second Law. The experimental procedure combines methods of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) with measured velocity and temperature fields in the enclosure. An entropy based conversion algorithm is developed and validated through comparisons between the measured entropy production in a channel at Re = 804 and the corresponding analytical result. The measured and analytical results show close agreement, with a maximum difference of 4.6 per cent relative to the analytical values. Also, results are obtained for entropy production due to fluid friction involving natural convection of water at a Rayleigh number of 5.35 x 10^6 and a Prandtl number of 8.06. The results provide new data for tracking spatial variations of friction irreversibility. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ichmt05><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Eulerian Cross-Phase Diffusive Effects on Impinging Droplets and Phase Change Heat Transfer </center></i><p> This article investigates interfacial diffusion in relative motion between the dispersed (droplet) phase and carrier (air) phase of multiphase flows. New Eulerian modeling of these cross-phase interactions is developed for a Control Volume Based Finite Element Method (CVFEM). These interfacial terms have important effects on heat transfer and deflected droplets near a surface. Past studies have outlined their significance on reduced collection efficiencies of iced surfaces. But this article adds new insight regarding their effects on phase change heat transfer at the surface. The multiphase heat balance at a glaze ice surface outlines the role of collection efficiency on the freezing fraction of incoming droplets, temperature gradients and thickness of the flowing supercooled surface film. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijhmt05b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Experimental Uncertainty of Measured Entropy Production with Pulsed Laser PIV and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence </center></i><p> The article develops an uncertainty analysis for a newly measured variable of local entropy production. Entropy production is measured with post-processing and spatial differencing of measured velocities from Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), as well as temperatures obtained from Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). Measured uncertainties of fluid velocity depend on the time interval between laser pulses, width of the camera view and other factors. Bias errors are related to elementary bias components and sensitivity coefficients in the uncertainty analysis. The precision errors use a confidence coefficient of 2 for a 95% confidence interval. The newly developed measurement technique and uncertainty analysis are successfully applied to pressure-driven channel flow and buoyancy-driven free convection in a square enclosure. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ichmt03><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Near-Wall Velocity Profile with Adaptive Shape Functions for Turbulent Forced Convection </center></i><p> This article applies Reichardt's velocity profile to turbulent convection analysis. In contrast to a conventional law-of-the-wall formulation with three regions, a single profile represents the entire region from the viscous sublayer to the fully turbulent region. Special shape functions are developed for this profile in a hybrid finite element / volume formulation, together with dissipation rate boundary conditions which are consistent with the velocity profile modeling. Applications to turbulent channel flow are successfully predicted with a k-epsilon turbulence model. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jmm05><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Surface Micro-Grooves for Near-Wall Exergy and Flow Control: Application to Aircraft Intake De-icing </center></i><p> This article develops a new surface micro-profiling technique for reducing exergy losses and controlling near-wall flow processes, particularly for anti-icing of a helicopter surface. Fabrication of embedded surface microchannels entails surface etching with KOH and XeF2 gas, so that the interspersed microchannels can be assembled into a surface layer of silicon. Testing of the micro-profiled surfaces is performed with PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) in a water tunnel. Experimental data indicates that converging open microchannels lead to certain differences of flow patterns on the downstream side of an engine cooling bay. Furthermore, exergy losses for external flow past the parallel embedded microchannels are shown to be lower than previous benchmark results without microchannels. Analytical results are presented for these losses of available energy and exergy destruction. Reduced drag of slip-flow conditions within each microchannel offsets the added friction irreversibility of larger surface area. By altering the near-wall flow patterns, it is anticipated that embedded surface microchannels can provide a useful new approach for dealing with flow-related problems of aircraft icing. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijhmt04b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Embedded Converging Surface Microchannels for Minimized Friction and Thermal Irreversibilities </center></i><p> Embedded converging surface microchannels are developed as effective new ways of reducing entropy production in boundary layer flow with convective heat transfer. A similarity solution with slip-flow boundary conditions is developed to find the spatial distributions of velocity, temperature, wall shear stress and wall heat flux. Mixed Knudsen numbers along the surface require both slip-flow and no-slip formulations to be combined in an integral solution. Predicted results from the method of EBSM (Entropy Based Surface Micro-Profiling) are presented for the optimized microchannel aspect ratio, spacing between adjacent microchannels and the angles characterizing the converging microchannels. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=etfs04><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Deterministic Physical Influence Control of Interfacial Motion in Thermal Processing of Solidified Materials </center></i><p> In this paper, a new experimental method of phase interface motion control with time dependent boundary cooling is presented for ice - water solidification problems. A numerical method of inverse heat transfer problems was used to predict the transient boundary conditions, which produce a prescribed phase interface motion. In the experimental study, the predicted boundary temperatures from the numerical simulation were emplyed to control the ice-water interface movement for various desired interface velocities. Two cases of different phase interface velocities were considered. Water supercooling was observed during each experiment. A time delay in the thermal control was calculated based on the analytical solution. In general, a comparison of measured and desired phase interface positions during the ice-water solidification processes has shown good agreement. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jtht04><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Adaptive Surface Micro-Profiling for Microfluidic Energy Conversion </center></i><p> Adaptive micro-profiling is a newly proposed technique of embedding open microchannels within a surface to take advantage of resulting slip-flow behavior and drag reduction. The objective of this article is to predict the optimal geometrical profiles of such microchannels, particularly for minimizing entropy production in convective heat transfer problems. A theoretical slip-flow formulation (within microchannels) is developed for Knudsen numbers between about 0.02 - 0.07. These values fall within the range governed by the Navier-Stokes equations with slip-flow boundary conditions. Numerical results show that a fourth order geometrical profile yields lower entropy production than a linearly diverging microchannel. With rapid advances in micromachining technology, it is viewed that adaptive micro-profiling can become a useful alternative technique of drag reduction, while simultaneously increasing heat transfer effectiveness. These combined objectives can be realized through the newly formulated approach with entropy based micro-profiling, which establishes the optimal micro-groove patterns by minimizing entropy production over the surface. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=asmejfe03><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Modeling of Entropy Production in Turbulent Flows </center></i><p> This article presents new modeling of turbulence correlations in the entropy transport equation for viscous, incompressible flows. Reynolds averaging techniques are applied to the turbulence closure of fluctuating temperature and entropy fields. The problem of rigorously expressing the mean entropy production in terms of other mean flow quantities is addressed. The validity of the Small Thermal Turbulence assumption is evaluated for conditions involving large temperature gradients (near the wall). Also, the dissipation (epsilon) of turbulent kinetic energy is formulated in terms of the Second Law. In contrast to the conventional epsilon equation modeling, this article proposes an alternative method by utilizing both transport and positive definite forms of the entropy production equation. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=aiaajtht04><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Three-Dimensional Distributed Mass Weighting for Non-Inverted Convective Skew Upwinding </center></i><p> A Non-Inverted Skew Upwind Scheme (NISUS), based on a control volume finite element formulation for advection-diffusion scalar transport problems, is presented. The formulation is developed with 8-noded hexahedral elements, and an isoparametric interpolation of scalar and geometric variables. The new approach for relating the control volume surface fluxes of each scalar with the nodal point values is described. Due to this explicit representation in terms of nodal variables, a local inversion of the upwind coefficient matrix is not needed. This feature can reduce the simulation time. The scheme is applied to a variety of test problems including convective transport of a step change in a scalar field, combined advection and diffusion in an inlet/outlet tank, and radial heat flow in a rotating hollow sphere. The promising performance of NISUS, as compared with exact and previous solutions, is demonstrated both in terms of accuracy and stability. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=aiaaj04><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Volume Averaged Pressure Interactions for Dispersed Droplet Phase Modeling of Multiphase Flow </center></i><p> In this article, a rigorously formulated Eulerian model of multiphase flow with droplets is developed, particularly for applications involving helicopter icing. A detailed derivation of the volume averaged mass and momentum equations for the dispersed (droplet) phase is presented, including a new treatment of the pressure terms in the bulk phase and at the phase interface. Unlike other conventional droplet flow models which track individual droplet trajectories, the current approach can potentially reduce the computational time by applying spatial averaging of the governing equations. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ichmt04><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Optimization Correlation for Entropy Production and Energy Availability in Film Condensation </center></i><p> This article analyses the physical significance of entropy in film condensation. The entropy production is determined from the velocity and temperature distributions, based on an integral analysis of the governing equations. An irreversibility distribution ratio yields similar trends as previous studies, whereby the Prandtl number has suggested the relevant influence of inertial effects. An application involving laminar film condensation on a plate is investigated. Results for the optimized entropy production and plate size are expressed in terms of a duty parameter. It is observed that the rate of entropy production provides a useful parameter in the optimization of systems involving two-phase heat transfer. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijnmf04><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Pressure Weighted Upwinding for Flow Induced Force Predictions: Application to Iced Surfaces </center></i><p> This paper addresses two main topics, namely the development of a pressure-weighted upwinding method and its application to flow induced forces on iced cylinders. Although the near-wall convective upwinding exhibits special applicability to iced surfaces, its capabilities extend more generally to other uniced surfaces. By fully linking pressure and velocity at a sub-element level near the wall, a higher order accuracy can be obtained. Also, a non-physical de-coupling between pressure and velocity can be pre prevented. The method is developed under the context of a control-volume-based finite element method for 2-D, incompressible flows. Drag and lift coeffcients are predicted, based on the pressure weighted upwinding near the wall. The numerical predictions are successfully compared against experimental data, including flow induced forces on iced cables. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=aiaaj04b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Reduced Flow of a Metastable Layer at a Two-Phase Limit </center></i><p> This article outlines a numerical procedure for predicting stable and metastable thermodynamic states, simultaneously, within a flowing supercooled surface film along an ice surface. This procedure involves a derived freezing fraction of incoming droplets in three-phase conditions, together with volume averaging to accommodate the momentum balance of the flowing surface layer. It is shown that this approach yields the proper trends when the flow temperatures are lowered sufficiently towards a two-phase limit. In this way, it provides a single parameter over the range between two-phase (rime ice) and three-phase (glaze ice) conditions. Also, it permits film flow calculations below and / or above the phase change temperature. As a result, an Eulerian volume averaging approach can be successfully applied to problems involving impinging droplets and glaze ice, which have generally been solved previously by Lagrangian methods. The numerical analysis is based on a CVFEM (Control-Volume-Based Finite Element Method). The predicted results are successfully validated through comparisons with analytical solutions and measured data. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nht03><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Non-Inverted Skew Upwind Scheme for Three-Dimensional Convective Transport </center></i><p> A Non-Inverted Skew Upwind Scheme (NISUS), based on a control volume finite element formulation for advection-diffusion scalar transport problems, is presented. The formulation is developed with 8-noded hexahedral elements, and an isoparametric interpolation of scalar and geometric variables. The new approach for relating the control volume surface fluxes of each scalar with the nodal point values is described. In this approach, a mass flow weighted upwinding to the nodal points allows the integration point variable to be written in terms of nodal variables alone. Due to this explicit representation in terms of nodal variables, a local inversion of the upwind coefficient matrix is not needed. This feature can reduce the simulation time. Unlike past convection models such as upwind differencing, the integration point modelling of NISUS includes the full effects of local transport processes, such as diffusion and convection. In the companion paper, the results are shown to exhibit certain accuracy improvements over past methods. The performance of the Non-Inverted Skew Upwind Scheme for 3-D advection-diffusion scalar problems is assessed. The scheme is applied to a variety of test problems including convective transport of a step change in a scalar field, combined advection and diffusion in an inlet/outlet tank, and radial heat flow in a rotating hollow sphere. The promising performance of NISUS, as compared with exact and previous solutions, is demonstrated both in terms of accuracy and stability. Also, the CPU time savings advantage is demonstrated in comparison with a local inversion procedure involving the convection upwind coefficient matrices. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijhmt04><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Controlled Interface Acceleration in Unidirectional Solidification </center></i><p> This paper develops a new experimental / numerical technique for controlling phase interface motion, acceleration and temperature gradients during pure material solidification. The required time-dependent boundary conditions are predicted with an inverse numerical method, in order to produce the desired interfacial motion. The experimental study with freezing of water is performed in a rectangular test cell. Three cases of different interface accelerations are considered. It was observed that an accelerating interface required higher interfacial temperature gradients over time, while these gradients become nearly constant when the phase interface moves at a uniform velocity (zero acceleration). It is noted how the interfacial acceleration and temperature gradients affect the structural characteristics of the solidified microstructures. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijmf03><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Dispersed Multiphase Flow with Air-Driven Runback of a Liquid Layer at a Moving Boundary </center></i><p> Multiphase flow with impinging droplets on an icing surface with a flowing supercooled surface layer is investigated. The air-assisted flowing layer is modelled with the cross-phase shear stresses imparted at the moving liquid / air interface. Runback and runoff of the surface layer are predicted by mass flow across the boundaries between adjacent elements in the numerical formulation. This liquid runoff is determined by coupled heat and momentum balances for the unfrozen water layer. The numerical analysis is based on a CVFEM (Control-Volume-Based Finite Element Method). An Eulerian formulation with volume averaging is developed to accommodate the near-wall elements containing both dispersed and continuous phases. The predicted results are successfully validated through comparisons with experimental data and analytical solutions. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=casj03><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Thermofluid Optimization of a Heated Helicopter Engine Cooling Bay </center></i><p> In this paper, a global optimization technique, based on the Adaptive Response Surface Method (ARSM), is integrated with a Control Volume Finite Element Method (CVFEM) for thermofluid optimization. It considers the solution of heat conduction and potential flow to investigate an aircraft engine air intake problem. The overall purpose of this optimization is to improve the thermal effectiveness of an aircraft de-icing strategy. Based on a successful comparison between the ARSM predicted results and the plotted objective function, it is observed that the integrated technique provides an effective method for thermofluid optimization. The current method of integrating heat conduction, fluid flow, and optimization techniques shows a promising potential for subsequent extensions to Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) problem. Due to the nature of the ARSM, parallel computing technique can be applied to work with the ARSM. In addition, a novel pre-optimization technique is developed, and numerical results are presented and validated for a helicopter engine cooling bay problem. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=aiaajtht03b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Entropy and the Second Law in Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Simulation </center></i><p> A review of the diverse roles of entropy and the Second Law in computational thermofluids, since the advent of digital computers, is presented. Entropy computations are related to numerical error, convergence criteria, time step limitations and other significant aspects of computational fluid flow and heat transfer. The importance of the Second Law as a tool for estimating error bounds and the overall scheme's robustness is described. In this way, computational methods can become more reliable and accurate in the design of engineering thermal / fluid systems. Sample numerical results are presented and discussed for compressible flows, as well as problems involving phase change heat transfer. Advantages and disadvantages of different entropy based methods are discussed, as well as areas of importance suggested for future research. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nht03b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Eulerian Three-Phase Formulation with Coupled Droplet Flow and Multimode Heat Transfer </center></i><p> Numerical studies are presented for multiphase flows involving one dispersed phase (droplet flow) and three continuous phases (air, surface liquid film, and moving solid boundary), simultaneously. Conjugate heat transfer at the moving boundary includes conduction (solid and liquid layers), convection, impinging droplets, and other modes. An apparent heat capacity method is used in the context of a control-volume-based finite-element method (CVFEM). A freezing fraction of incoming droplets is used to predict the partial solidification in the flowing supercooled surface layer. A Eulerian formulation is presented, whereby volume averaging of the multiphase equations is performed, in contrast to tracking of individual droplet trajectories throughout the flow field (Lagrangian method). Predicted results are successfully compared against analytical and experimental data. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ppsc03><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Self Similarity of Cross-Stream Droplet Momentum Displacement in Dispersed Multiphase Flow </center></i><p> Analytical methods are developed and applied to droplet motion, as it relates to aircraft icing. Impinging droplets largely affect the heat balance at an iced aircraft surface, as well as the final ice shape. In this study, a similarity solution of the Eulerian droplet momentum equation is developed. Droplet motion near a flat plate is investigated with a similarity solution. By using scaling, sensitivity, order of magnitude and similarity methods, a momentum displacement of droplets (or particles) due to the presence of the solid surface is predicted. Self similarity of the droplet profiles is established, such that downstream propagation can be expressed in terms of a single independent coordinate. Limiting trends of momentum / drag induced and Blasius-diffusion profiles are found to identify the spatial range encompassing the droplet motion. The predicted results are successfully compared against the scaling requirements. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijhff03><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Coupled Liquid Film and Solidified Layer Growth with Impinging Supercooled Droplets and Joule Heating </center></i><p> Phase change heat transfer with incoming supercooled droplets on heated curved surfaces is examined. The processes of rime ice, transition and combined rime / glaze ice conditions are modelled. In the analysis, heat conduction equations in the ice and unfrozen water layers are solved simultaneously with the mass balance including incoming droplets. Energy input from the heated boundary (due to electrical heat generation) affects the growth of the glaze film thickness and associated liquid runback along the ice surface. Assessment of the predictive model is carried out through comparisons with experimental data involving ice buildup on heated, non-rotating circular conductors. Close agreement is achieved between the predicted ice growth and the measured data. Additional effects of cable radius, Joule heating rate and surface curvature are presented. The heat transfer model is shown to correctly approach the dry growth limit, based on mass conservation alone, under appropriate thermal conditions when the surface heating rate is diminished sufficiently. As a result, a single formulation is provided over the entire range of rime, transition and combined rime / glaze ice conditions, including the simultaneous growth of unfrozen water and ice layers. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=asmejht03><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Temperature Gradient in the Unfrozen Liquid Layer for Multiphase Energy Balance with Incoming Droplets </center></i><p> Phase change heat transfer with impinging supercooled droplets on an ice surface is examined. Partial solidification of the incoming droplets leads to an unfrozen water layer above the ice. The significance of temperature variations within the water layer is considered. The multiphase energy balance is shown to approach the measured rate of ice growth when the surface heat input is lowered sufficiently. The asymptotic behavior is essential for establishing the proper role of heat conduction in the solid and liquid (unforzen water) layers. Predicted results are successfully validated by comparisons with experimental data involving ice buildup on heated circular conductors. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=aiaajtht03><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Controlling Phase Interface Motion in Inverse Heat Transfer Problems with Solidification </center></i><p> In this paper, an inverse numerical model is presented for solidification problems. It is used to predict the transient boundary conditions which produce a prescribed interfacial surface motion and heat transfer. The formulation calculates the required boundary temperature to provide a specified velocity of the phase interface during solid-liquid phase transition. A control-volume-based finite element method is employed for the numerical solution of the energy conservation equation. The finite element framework provides a novel alternative to other inverse techniques based on structured grids. The effects of Stefan number and interface velocity on the solidification processes will be investigated. Numerical examples are presented and discussed for one-dimensional and two-dimensional solidification problems. The accuracy and performance of the formulation are assessed by comparisons with analytical solutions. Based on the model's capability of efficiently providing stable and accurate results, it is viewed to be a worthy design tool in practical engineering applications such as thermal energy storage and materials processing, i.e. casting, extrusion processes. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nht02><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Apparent Entropy Production Difference with Heat and Fluid Flow Irreversibilities </center></i><p> An entropy based procedure is presented to assess the solution accuracy in heat transfer problems with fluid flow using the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The procedure is implemented by a control-volume-based finite element formulation for discrete equations arising from the conservation laws and the Second Law. The study involves a comparison between the local entropy production rate computed from two forms of the discretized entropy equation. The computed local entropy production for two heat transfer problems, using the positive definite and the transport forms of the entropy generation equation, agrees well with analytical solutions. It is demonstrated by the results of the numerical studies that there exists a relationship between a newly defined parameter, called the apparent error in entropy production, and the solution error in the computed value of the scalar in each control volume. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijnmf02><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Towards Entropy Detection of Anomalous Mass and Momentum Exchange in Incompressible Fluid Flow </center></i><p> An entropy based approach is presented for assessment of computational accuracy in incompressible flow problems. It is shown that computational entropy can serve as an effective parameter in detecting erroneous or anomalous predictions of mass and momentum transport in the flow field. In the present paper, the fluid flow equations and Second Law of Thermodynamics are discretized by a Galerkin finite element method with linear, isoparametric triangular elements. It is shown that a weighted entropy residual is closely related to truncation error; this relationship is examined in an application problem involving incompressible flow through a converging channel. In particular, regions exhibiting anomalous flow behaviour, such as under-predicted velocity results, appear coincident with analogous trends in the weighted entropy residual. It is anticipated that entropy based error detection can provide important steps towards improved accuracy in computational fluid flow. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ichmt02><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Energy Balances at the Air / Liquid and Liquid / Solid Interfaces with Incoming Droplets at a Moving Ice Boundary </center></i><p> Interfacial heat balances are investigated for three-phase conditions with impinging droplets on an ice surface. The incoming droplets impart kinetic energy and extract heat from the ice surface due to supercooling. The location where these energy modes are most effectively applied is examined in the modelling of the phase change. Predictions of the ice growth on a heated surface are validated with experimental data. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijmf02><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Multiphase Flow with Impinging Droplets and Airstream Interaction at a Moving Gas / Solid Interface </center></i><p> Multiphase flows with droplets involving gas (air), liquid (droplets) and solid (ice) phases are examined in this paper. The external multiphase flow is predicted in conjunction with a moving phase interface arising from solidification of impinging supercooled droplets. A scalar transport form of the droplet flow equations is solved separately from the viscous main (air) flow solver. This approach provides an effective alternative to tracking of individual droplet trajectories in the freestream. Interactions between the droplet and main (air) flows appear through appropriate inter-phase expressions in the momentum balance equations within each individual phase. The numerical formulation is based on a CVFEM (Control-Volume-based Finite Element Method) with quadrilateral isoparametric elements. This model is applied to problems involving the formation of rime (dry) ice (i.e. without liquid film covering the ice surface). Experimental data provides further insight into the impingement of droplets on a cylindrical conductor. Favorable agreement between the numerical and experimental results is achieved. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijhmt01a><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Establishing Heat-Entropy Analogies for Interface Tracking in Phase Change Heat Transfer with Fluid Flow </center></i><p> In this paper, entropy is presented as an important variable in effectively describing and predicting various phase change processes. An interfacial entropy constraint, downward concavity condition and Second Law formulation are obtained. Modelling of interfacial momentum interactions and thermal recalescence are based on heat - entropy analogies. It is shown that deeper insight into phase change processes with fluid flow can be realized through consideration of the analogy variable (entropy). Also, an entropy based approach provides effective guidelines for interface tracking and numerical stability in phase change computations involving a CVFEM formulation (Control-Volume-Based Finite Element Method). <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijhmt01b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Applying Heat-Entropy Analogies with Experimental Study of Interface Tracking in Phase Change Heat Transfer </center></i><p> Heat-entropy analogies are applied to problems involving phase change heat transfer with fluid flow. In the experimental studies, entropy is not measured directly, but temperature and other measurements yield associated entropy results for improved understanding of the phase change processes. The entropy based framework is shown to serve an important role in modelling of momentum phase interactions and thermal recalescence, as well as numerical stability in the computations. Numerical and experimental results indicate that entropy can serve as an effective variable in describing and predicting various interfacial processes during phase change. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=jmpt01><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Inverse Method with Heat and Entropy Transport in Solidification Processing of Materials </center></i><p> An inverse formulation is presented for phase change heat transfer with applications in materials processing such as casting solidificaiton. The scheme predicts the proper transient boundary conditions in order to achieve a prescribed solid-liquid interface motion, as well as corresponding desired interfface characterstics (i.e., planar interface). In addition to heat transfer, the model considers entropy transport for effective enahncement of the overall formulation. In particular, the Second Law of Thermodynamics is applied in a corrective manner to support stable computations in the event of non-physical numerical results, such as numerical oscillations. Both heat and entropy transport models are implemented in a control-volume-based finite element formulation of the phase change governing equations. Numerical results are presented for sample problems in order to examine the performance of the inverse algorithm. The results indicate promising performance and good agreement with available analytical solutions. In the application problems, numerical stabtiliy is achieved with entropy based corrections of computations during solidification. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nht00a><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Predictive Entropy Based Correction of Phase Change Computations with Fluid Flow-Part 1: Second Law Formulation </center></i><p> A numerical formulation involving the Second Law of Thermodynamics is examined in the analysis of phase change problems with fluid flow. The discretized entropy transport equation and entropy boundary conditions are described for solid-liquid systems. In addition, the downward concavity and compatibility properties of entropy are applied in a discrete entropy-based stability analysis. Discrete analogies of the Second Law provide a physical basis for non-linear phase-temperature iterations in the energy equation. The numerical formulation includes both corrective steps for accuracy improvements (entropy-based diffusivity) as well as predictive steps (entropy-based time constraint) for stable computations. It is anticipated that this Second Law formulation can provide an effective enhancement for accurate simulations in phase change problems with fluid flow. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nht00b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Predictive Entropy Based Correction of Phase Change Computations with Fluid Flow-Part 2: Application Problems </center></i><p> A numerical formulation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics is applied to problems involving solid-liquid phase change with fluid flow. This formulation includes iterative phase-temperature rules based on discrete analogies of the Second Law, as well as entropy based predictive and corrective steps for stable, accurate computations. Applications dealing with transient heat conduction, species transport, melting and solidification with natural convection, are examined in the current paper. Close agreement between computed results (with entropy based corrective steps) and analytical / experimental data is achieved. Several characteristics of the overall formulation, such as numerical stability and phase interface predictions, are enhanced by the Second Law contributions. As a result, these application problems illustrate the importance of the Second Law as an effective complement to the discretized conservation equations in phase change computations with fluid flow. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=csme99><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Predicting and Reducing Glaze Ice Accretion on Electric Power Lines with Joule Heating: Theory and Experiments </center></i><p> An analytical model is developed for the prediction of glaze ice accretion with runback water for electric power lines including the Joule heating effect. In this model, the external air flow is coupled with the liquid film flow by slip (non-zero velocity) boundary conditions at the liquid-air interface. In this way, corrections to previous rime ice models are given in order to account for runback water and its effect on wet ice growth in freezing rain conditions with ambient temperatures slightly below 0 deg. C. Also, the process of Joule heating in icing conditions is examined from a thermodynamic optimization viewpoint in a manner which permits efficient power transmission while dissipating heat in order to reduce ice accumulation. Good agreement is achieved between theoretical predictions of the glaze ice accretion and experimental results from the freezing rain simulator at the University of Manitoba. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=aiaaj99><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Constructing an Entropy-Stable Upwind Scheme for Compressible Fluid Flow Computations </center></i><p> A relationship between entropy processes and numerical upwinding is examined in the context of computational gas dynamics. A discretized form of the entropy inequality is constructed at the integration point where convection-diffusion modeling occurs in finite volume methods. Conventional upwinding schemes may violate the local form of the Second Law of Thermodynamics but a modified upwinding scheme uses additional momentum constraints and pressure terms to provide a positive entropy production rate. The Second Law is seen as an important quantitative measure of non-physical numerical results as well as a sound basis for error analysis. Applications to converging - diverging nozzle and blunt body flow problems demonstrate the promising performance of the overall numerical algorithm. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=asmejht98><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Near-Wall Microlayer Evaporation Analysis and Experimental Study of Nucleate Pool Boiling on Inclined Surfaces </center></i><p> Boiling heat transfer from inclined surfaces is examined and an analytical model of bubble growth and nucleate boiling is presented. The model predicts the average heat flux during nucleate boiling by considering alternating near-wall liquid and vapor periods. It expresses the heat flux in terms of the bubble departure diameter, frequency and duration of contact with the heating surface. Experiments were conducted over a wide range of upward and downward facing surface orientations and the results were compared to model predictions. More active microlayer agitation and mixing along the surface as well as more frequent bubble sweeps along the heating surface provide the key reasons for more effective heat transfer with downward facing surfaces as compared to upward facing cases. Additional aspects of the role of surface inclination on boiling dynamics are quantified and discussed. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=ijnmf97><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Sub-Grid Volumetric Quadrature Accuracy for Transient Compressible Flow Predictions </center></i><p> A finite volume-element formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible flows is applied to the transient shock tube problem. A 2nd-order spatial quadrature for volumetric integration is studied because of its effects on the shock wave resolution and positioning. Low quadrature order is shown to produce solution anomalies in regions with a transonic character as well as poor predictions of shock wave propagation. The 2nd-order volumetric quadrature includes the proper upstream and downstream solution behaviour and eliminates both the transonic and shock speed errors in the transient shock tube problem. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=msmse97><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Simultaneous Pressure-Velocity Coupling in the Two-Phase Zone for Solidification Shrinkage in an Open Cavity </center></i><p> Binary constituent shrinkage-induced flows during alloy solidification are examined with a continuum mixture model. The multiphase conservation equations are solved with a control-volume-based finite element method. Free surface flow capabilities and an elliptic grid transformation scheme accommodate volumetric contraction due to the density differences between solid and liquid phases. The procedure treats the multiphase mass and momentum transport in an implicit manner with a direct velocity-pressure coupling. Boundary conditions at the free surface account for the gas pressure and external stresses. Numerical results for both one-dimensional and two-dimensional solidification problems are examined and compared with analytical and experimental results. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nht96><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Conduction Shape Factors of Long Polygonal Fibres in a Matrix </center></i><p> The shape factors for steady state, two-dimensional heat transfer across long polygonal fibres in a matrix are computed by a numerical conformal mapping procedure. The coordinate transformation functions in the complex plane and the heat conduction shape factors are expressed in a closed form, but the final results require numerical integration. The semi-analytic approach is a general solution, in the sense that it encompasses many specific geoemtries such as concentric square regions and concentric hexagonal regions. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=csme96><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> A Turbulence Integral Model for the Evaluation of the Thermal Effectiveness of a Static Damper in Gas-Fired Water Heaters </center></i><p> A semi-analytic mixed convection model is developed for the solution of forced and free convection heat transfer in the center flue of gas-fired water heaters. The model can be used to examine the feasibility of a new static damper concept in the flue design. The static damper provides a trouble-free and economical alternative to conventional electric vent dampers. An integral model with profile assumptions characterizes the turbulent flow during the main burner operation and a laminar free convection analysis characterizes the standby mode conditions. The numerical and experimental results indicate the damper provides an effective mechanism for a 20 per cent reduction of standby heat losses together with a high relative dynamic pressure drop while introducing only a low pressure difference during the combustion mode of operation. These results indicate an improvement of standby efficiency in comparison to a conventional internal baffle flow obstruction which leads to low dynamic pressure drops during the standby mode of the water heater operation. Applications of the static damper concept to other appliances such as boilers may also be beneficial. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nht95a><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> PHASES Model of Binary Constituent Solid-Liquid Phase Transition - Part 1. Numerical Method </center></i><p> A PHASES (PHysical Algorithm for Species-Energy Simulation) model was developed for applications to binary constituent solid-liquid phase transition problems. A control-volume-based finite element formulation of the mixture continuum equations was employed in the solid, melt and liquid regions. An implicit enthalpy-based procedure solved the species and energy conservation equations in conjunction with a phase iteration procedure and the binary phase diagram. The coupled multiphase mass-momentum equation set was solved with a simultaneous colocated variable technique. In this approach, the multiphase pressure-velocity coupling was completed by an implicit closure of the conservation and integration point mass-momentum transport equations instead of a segregated approach. In addition, a diffusion-based non-equilibrium model and an IG (Isotherm Gradient) procedure were developed for the simulation of non-equilibrium and interdendritic anisotropic conditions during phase transition. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=nht95b><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> PHASES Model of Binary Constituent Solid-Liquid Phase Transition - Part 2. Applications </center></i><p> A new solution procedure for binary constituent solid-liquid phase transition has been applied to several one and two-dimensional problems. The one-dimensional applications (a pure material melting problem, a unidirectional Ag-Sn solidification problem and a Bridgman furnace simulation) illustrate different interface solute redistribution and Ste number sensitivity results. In addition, two-dimensional applications examine Pb-Sn and NH4Cl-H2O solidification problems with moderate and low aspect ratio enclosures. In these problems, buoyancy driven and shear driven recirculation cells in the liquid regions of the cavity, penetration of bulk liquid across the liquidus interface and energy and species advection are observed. The model's results agree closely with previous analytical and experimental results and its performance indicates a cost-effective and physically based approach to solid-liquid phase transition discrete analysis. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=aiaajtht94><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Use of the Second Law for Artificial Dissipation in Compressible Flow Discrete Analysis </center></i><p> The Second Law of Thermodynamics is applied in a predictive capacity through articifical dissipation mechanisms inthe solution of viscous compressible fluid flows. The use of the Second Law in conjunction with an entropy transport equation in the determination of the required amount of artificial dissipation isdescribed in a control volume based context. Although a user-modified dissipation coefficient is required in the scheme, the approach provides a physical basis for the application of artificial dissipation. the combination of the finite element model with Second Law dissipation is shown to yield highly accuract solutions in the application of two test problems. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <hr size=``5`` width=``100%`` align=``center`` noshade> <center><h3>Conference Publications</h3></center> <a name=cf1><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> SCWR Heat Exchanger Interface with a Nuclear Hydrogen Plant </center></i><p> In this paper, the intermediate heat exchanger between a Generation IV supercritical water-cooled nuclear reactor (SCWR) and a thermochemical hydrogen production cycle is discussed. It is found that the maximum and range of temperatures of a thermochemical cycle are the dominant parameters that affect the design of its coupling with SCWR. The copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) thermochemical cycle is a promising cycle that can link with SCWRs. The location of extracting heat from a SCWR to a thermochemical cycle is investigated in this paper. Steam bypass lines downstream of the SCWR core are suggested for supplying heat to the Cu-Cl hydrogen production cycle. The stream extraction location is strongly dependent on the temperature of the water stream. The available quantity of heat exchange at different hours of a day is also studied. It is found that the available heat at most hours of power demand in a day can support an industrial scale steam methane reforming plant if the SCWR power station is operating at full design capacity. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=cf2><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Comparison of Sulphur-Iodine, Copper-Chlorine and Hybrid-Sulphur Thermochemical Cycles for Hydrogen Production </center></i><p> The rapid increase in worldwide energy demand, with the rise in global population and living standards, has led to higher greenhouse gas emissions and diminishing fossil fuel reserves. To address these challenges, there has been growing efforts to develop alternative energy solutions to address global energy requirements and environmental problems. Nuclear energy is one of the promising low-carbon sources for large-scale energy production. Although renewable energy installations are growing rapidly, they have been limited due to cost, reliability and availability. Hydrogen is a promising, clean and effective energy carrier. Hydrogen can be produced using nuclear, renewable or other energy sources. Many past studies have focused on developing efficient and economic pathways for hydrogen production. Thermochemical cycles are one of the emerging and promising methods for large-scale hydrogen production. These cycles are usually classified according to the chemicals used in the processes. The sulphur-iodine, copper-chlorine and hybrid-sulphur water splitting cycles are the leading methods of thermochemical hydrogen production. The sulphur iodine cycle involves three thermochemical steps. The copper chlorine cycle involves five steps, of which four are thermally driven chemical reactions, and one is an electrochemical reaction. The hybrid-sulphur cycle involves two steps, of which one is a thermochemical reaction and the other is an electrochemical reaction. This paper compares these three cycles from the perspectives of energy, efficiency and cost. The major engineering advantages and disadvantages of these cycle variations are also analyzed and discussed. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=cf3><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Methods of Optimization Based Design and Control for Renewable Energy Systems </center></i><p> Renewable and hybrid energy systems are increasingly important due to environmental concerns of global warming and climate change. Hybrid systems can also be more economical than conventional thermal power plants. These systems have been built typically on a medium scale in remote areas, but there is a growing interest for larger scale systems around the world. Common hybrid energy systems are Solar-Wind-Battery, Solar-Diesel-Battery, and Hydroelectric-Solar-Wind-Battery. Other energy sources can be integrated as well. However, designing an appropriate hybrid-system is challenging due to several reasons. For example, hybrid-systems have multiple competing objectives such as cost, performance, supply / demand management, grid limitations, and so forth. Also, coupled non-linearities between numerous problem variables will limit the ability of conventional optimization techniques to solve such problems. Optimization problems are ususally solved by a system composed of the combination of an optimizer and simulator. Another challenge is the management of energy flows through a hybrid energy system's control framework, in order to ensure a continuous power supply that meets the load requirements. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art simulation, optimization, and control technologies for stand-alone hybrid energy systems. Research needs are identified for the improvement of a hybrid energy system's performance, using optimization based control, and accurately predicting the output of these hybrid energy systems. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=cf4><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Energy and Exergy CFD Predictions for a Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine </center></i><p> In this paper, CFD studies are presented for the performance analysis of a Savonius vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). A sliding mesh formulation is used to represent the rotor rotation and predict transient results of the energy efficiency (via power coefficient) and exergy efficiency. Close agreement is achieved between the transient results of energy efficiency and past experimental data. Unlike the energy efficiency, the wind s average velocity, as it exits the turbine, is required for predictions of the exergy efficiency. Highly variable flow fields are produced during the operation of a Savonus VAWT, making it difficult to determine the average exit velocity. Various methods to estimate the exit velocity of the air with CFD are investigated in this paper, and compared for accuracy, repeatability, and consistency. Furthermore, the corresponding exergy destruction is predicted  a useful metric that identifies losses associated with the flow processes. Exergy analysis provides unique insight into the actual operating conditions of a wind power system, thereby providing a useful design tool for wind turbine development. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=cf5><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Droplet Meniscus Motion of Thermocapillary Pumping in a Closed Microchannel with External Heating </center></i><p> This paper investigates the heating process of droplet thermocapillary pumping (TCP), which can be used to cyclically displace a discrete liquid column within closed-ended micro-channels and generate power by a microcapillary heat engine. A predictive model is developed to predict the meniscus variation of the discrete columns. The meniscus profiles are modeled with Young-Laplace s equation, and the Navier-Stokes equations are used to simulate the flow inside the liquid phase. The numerical results obtained from the model show that for systems with a lower Weber number and lower Reynolds number, a longer duration of heating period is required. <p><a href="#top">Back</a><p> <a name=cf6><center><h3>Abstract</h3></center></a> <center><i> Sustainable Energy Solution of Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy </center></i><p> Rapid increases in oil demand will soon outpace the world s production capacity. There is a growing need for sustainable and renewable energy solutions. Hydrogen has emerged as a promising renewable energy carrier. But current production methods primarily use steam methane reforming processes, which emit vast quantities of greenhouse gases. This paper examines